WordNet
- genus of coarse western American herbs with large roots containing an aromatic balsam (同)genus Balsamorhiza
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/07/04 22:37:28」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Balsamroot |
|
Balsamorhiza sagittata |
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Plantae |
(unranked): |
Angiosperms |
(unranked): |
Eudicots |
(unranked): |
Asterids |
Order: |
Asterales |
Family: |
Asteraceae |
Tribe: |
Heliantheae |
Genus: |
Balsamorhiza
Hook. ex Nutt., 1840 |
Leaves are mostly basal with long-petiols, entire as in this
Balsamorhiza careyana individual, or with one to three pinnate lobes
Balsamorhiza[1] is a genus of plants in the sunflower family known commonly as balsamroots.[2][3] These are perennials with fleshy taproots and caudices bearing erect stems and large, basal leaves. Atop the tall stems are showy yellow sunflower-like blooms. Balsamroots are native to western North America (United States and Canada).
Native Americans used the sticky sap of this plant as a topical antiseptic for minor wounds. The large taproots produced by Balsamorhiza sagittata are edible and were harvested, dried, and ground into a starchy flour by Native Americans when other food plants were scarce. The entire plant is edible and nutritious, but not necessarily enjoyable because it contains a bitter, strongly pine-scented sap. The plants' large taproots are reported to be very palatable and far less bitter than the above-ground parts of the plant.[4]
The plant grows on dry hillsides and dry open meadows throughout the Mountain West of North America. The plant can be easily confused with species belonging to the genus Wyethia (Mule's ears) and Wyethia and Balsamorhiza tend to have very similar appearance and flowering habits. Wyethia species are easily distinguished from Balsamorhiza due to their very sharply lanced leaves which lack the fuzzy silver gray appearance of Balsamorhiza species. Balsamorhiza sagittata is the most common and widespread species in the genus within the Mountain West of North America.[4]
Palatable to wildlife and livestock, this is a herb that decreases under grazing. [5] Though once covering much of the arid west in spring, this common forb has become uncommon and even disappeared in some areas like the Snake River Plains. The presence of this plant can be used as an indicator of overall range health -- fewer plants and flowers indicate over-utilization of pastures and/or allotments. Hillsides covered with these flowers and perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush can quickly become wastelands of cheatgrass and tumblemustard if cattle or other stock overgraze, consuming the herb and grass energy reserves again and again until the plants individually die, while crushing their only shade.[6]
- Species and nothospecies[7][8]
- Balsamorhiza × bonseri - Washington State
- Balsamorhiza careyana - Carey's balsamroot - Washington, Oregon
- Balsamorhiza deltoidea - deltoid balsamroot - British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California
- Balsamorhiza hispidula - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Arizona
- Balsamorhiza hookeri - Hooker's balsamroot - Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona
- Balsamorhiza incana - hoary balsamroot - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Washington
- Balsamorhiza lanata - lanate balsamroot - Oregon, California
- Balsamorhiza macrolepis - California balsamroot - California
- Balsamorhiza macrophylla - cutleaf balsamroot - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Utah
- Balsamorhiza rosea - rosy balsamroot - Washington, Oregon
- Balsamorhiza sagittata - arrowleaf balsamroot - British Columbia, Alberta, much of western USA
- Balsamorhiza sericea - silky balsamroot - Oregon, California
- Balsamorhiza serrata - serrate balsamroot or toothed balsamroot - Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California
- Balsamorhiza terebinthacea - Washington, Oregon, California
- Balsamorhiza × tomentosa - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon
References
- ^ Flora of North America, Balsamroot, Balsamorhiza Hooker ex Nuttall
- ^ Nuttall, Thomas. 1840. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 7: 349–351 in English
- ^ Tropicos, Balsamorhiza Hook. ex Nutt.
- ^ a b Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ^ 2
- ^ Tilley, D., St. John, L., and N. Shaw. 2012. Plant Guide for Arrowleaf Balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata). USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, Idaho 83210.
- ^ Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
- ^ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution maps
External links
- CalFlora Database: Balsamorhiza — species + images.
- Jepson Manual Treatment of Balsamorhiza
- USDA Plants Profile for Balsamorhiza
- Arrowleaf Balsamroot- Utah State University
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balsamorhiza. |
English Journal
- Specialist Osmia bees forage indiscriminately among hybridizing Balsamorhiza floral hosts.
- Cane JH.SourceUSDA Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5310, USA. Jim.Cane@ars.usda.gov
- Oecologia.Oecologia.2011 Sep;167(1):107-16. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
- Pollinators, even floral generalists (=polyleges), typically specialize during individual foraging bouts, infrequently switching between floral hosts. Such transient floral constancy restricts pollen flow, and thereby gene flow, to conspecific flowers in mixed plant communities. Where incipient flow
- PMID 21468665
- Weed-biocontrol insects reduce native-plant recruitment through second-order apparent competition.
- Pearson DE, Callaway RM.SourceRocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA. dpearson@fs.fed.us
- Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.Ecol Appl.2008 Sep;18(6):1489-500.
- Small-mammal seed predation is an important force structuring native-plant communities that may also influence exotic-plant invasions. In the intermountain West, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are prominent predators of native-plant seeds, but they avoid consuming seeds of certain widespread inv
- PMID 18767624
Japanese Journal
- Highly Oxygenated Guaianolides and Eudesman-12-oic Acids from Balsamorhiza sagittata and Balsamorhiza macrophylla
- Mohamed Abou El-Hamd H.,Ahmed Ahmed A.,Wollenweber Eckhard [他],BOHM Bruce,ASAKAWA Yoshinori
- Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 54(2), 152-155, 2006-02-01
- … Investigation of lipophilic exudates from the aerial parts of Balsamorhiza sagittata and B. …
- NAID 110004820348
Related Links
- What Are Symptoms Of Genus Balsamorhiza? Dictionary.com Word FAQs Dictionary.com presents 366 FAQs, incorporating some of the frequently asked questions from the past with newer queries. Differences Etymology/Origins ...
- Share your observation Balsamorhiza Genus Species presence In Idaho Conservation status No State Rank No Global Rank What do these ranks mean? Distribution Origin Population Presence Regularity Confidence Species Map
Related Pictures