WordNet
- widely distributed shrubs and trees (同)family Aquifoliaceae, holly family
- any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges
- a large genus of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs of the family Aquifoliaceae that have small flowers and berries (including hollies) (同)genus Ilex
PrepTutorEJDIC
- セイヨウヒイラギ(赤い実をつけクリスマスの飾りに使う)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/02 22:59:17」(JST)
wiki ja
| モチノキ科 | ||||||||||||||||||
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イヌツゲ
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| 分類 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| 学名 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Aquifoliaceae A.Rich. (1828) |
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| 英名 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Holly | ||||||||||||||||||
| 属 | ||||||||||||||||||
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モチノキ科 (Aquifoliaceae) は被子植物の科で、2属約600種の木本からなり、世界各地に分散して分布する。日本にはモチノキ属のみがあり23種ほどある。
葉は互生。花は両性または単性で、放射相称、花弁･がくは4-5枚。小形で目立たない花が集散花序をつくる。子房上位、果実は数個の核を含む核果で、赤いものが多いが、イヌツゲなどは黒く熟す。
樹皮は粘り気の強いゴム状の粘着質の物質を含んでおり、かつてはこれを精製することで天然の鳥黐の素材としていた。
目次
- 1 分類
- 1.1 属
- 1.1.1 モチノキ属 Ilex
- 1.1.2 Nemopanthus
- 1.1 属
- 2 脚注
- 3 関連項目
- 4 外部リンク
分類[編集]
- クロンキスト体系や新エングラー体系ではニシキギ目に含める。
- APG植物分類体系ではモチノキ目のタイプ科である。
属[編集]
モチノキ属 Ilex[編集]
モチノキ属（Ilex L.）の主な種は以下である[1]。
- 日本の種
- シイモチ I. buergeri
- ナナミノキ I. chinensis
- イヌツゲ I. crenata
- ツクシイヌツゲ I. crenata var. fukasawana
- ハイイヌツゲ I. crenata var. radicans
- オオバイヌツゲ I. crenata var. rugosa
- アマミヒイラギモチ I. dimorphophylla - 奄美大島の固有種。
- フウリンウメモドキ I. geniculata
- オクノフウリンウメモドキ I. geniculata var. glabra
- ツゲモチ I. goshiensis
- モチノキ I. integra
- タラヨウ I. latifolia
- ヒメモチ I. leucoclada
- リュウキュウモチ I. liukiuensis
- ヒロハタマミズキ I. macrocarpa
- アオハダ I. macropoda
- ムニンイヌツゲ I. matanoana
- ナガバイヌツゲ I. maximowicziana
- ムッチャガラ I. maximowicziana var. kanehirae - 別名が「シマイヌツゲ」
- シマモチ I. mertensii
- タマミズキ I. micrococca
- ミヤマウメモドキ I. nipponica
- ソヨゴ I. pedunculosa
- クロガネモチ I. rotunda
- ツルツゲ I. rugosa
- エゾツルツゲ I. rugosa var. rugosa
- ホソバツルツゲ I. rugosa var. stenophylla
- ウメモドキ I. serrata
- クロソヨゴ I. sugerokii
- アカミノイヌツゲ I. sugerokii var. brevipedunculata
- オオシイバモチ I. warburgii
- ナリヒラモチ I. × kiusiana -モチノキとシイモチの雑種
- オオツルツゲ I. × makinoi -ヒメモチとツルルゲの雑種
- その他
- セイヨウヒイラギ I. aquifolium - 観賞用に栽培されクリスマスに飾る。ホーリー。（日本のヒイラギはモクセイ科）。
- ヤバネヒイラギモチ I. cornuta
- イェルバ・マテ I. paraguariensis - マテ茶の原料である。
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ナナミノキ
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イヌツゲ
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モチノキ
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タラヨウ
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ヒメモチ
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アオハダ
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ソヨゴ
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クロガネモチ
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ツルツゲ
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ウメモドキ
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アカミノイヌツゲ
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セイヨウヒイラギ
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ヤバネヒイラギモチ
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イェルバ・マテ
| ウィキスピーシーズにモチノキ属に関する情報があります。 |
| ウィキメディア・コモンズには、モチノキ属に関連するカテゴリがあります。 |
Nemopanthus[編集]
- Nemopanthus mucronatus ただ1種からなるが、モチノキ属に含める考えもある。
脚注[編集]
| [ヘルプ] |
- ^ 大場秀章 『植物分類表』 アボック社、2009年11月、219頁。ISBN 978-4900358614。
関連項目[編集]
| ウィキスピーシーズにモチノキ科に関する情報があります。 |
| ウィキメディア・コモンズには、モチノキ科に関連するカテゴリがあります。 |
- 鳥黐
外部リンク[編集]
- Aquifoliaceae in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since].
- Aquifoliaceae in Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29th July 2006
- モチノキ科（植物雑学事典）
- モチノキ属 ITIS （英語）
wiki en
This article is about the plant. For other uses, see Holly (disambiguation).
"Ilex" redirects here. For other uses, see Ilex (disambiguation).
| Ilex | |
|---|---|
| Ilex paraguariensis | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Angiosperms |
| Class: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Aquifoliales |
| Family: | Aquifoliaceae DC. ex A.Rich. |
| Genus: | Ilex L. |
| Species | |
|
About 600, see text |
|
Ilex /ˈaɪlɛks/, or holly,[1] is a genus of 400 to 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. The species are evergreen and deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide.
Contents
- 1 Description
- 2 Etymology
- 3 History
- 4 Range
- 5 Ecology
- 6 Toxicity
- 7 Cultivation
- 8 Other uses
- 9 Culture
- 10 Selected species
- 11 Gallery
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Description[edit source | edit]
European Holly (Ilex aquifolium) leaves and fruit
The genus Ilex is widespread throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. Its range was more extended in the Tertiary period and many species are adapted to laurel forest habitat. It occurs from sea level to more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) with high mountain species. It is a genus of small, evergreen trees with smooth, glabrous, or pubescent branchlets. The plants are generally slow-growing with some species growing to 25 m (82 ft) tall. The type species is the European holly Ilex aquifolium described by Linnaeus,[2]
Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, typically with a spiny toothed, or serrated leaf margin. The inconspicuous flower is greenish white, with four petals. They are generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants, although there are exceptions.[which?]
The small fruits of Ilex, although often referred to as berries, are technically drupes.[3] They range in color from red to brown to black, and rarely green or yellow. The "bones" contain up to ten seeds each. Some species produce fruits parthenogenetically, such as the cultivar 'Nellie R. Stevens'. The fruits ripen in winter and thus provide winter colour contrast between the bright red of the fruits and the glossy green evergreen leaves. Hence the cut branches, especially of I. aquifolium, are widely used in Christmas decoration. The fruits are generally slightly toxic to humans, and can cause vomiting and diarrhea when ingested. However, they are a very important food source for birds and other wildlife.
Etymology[edit source | edit]
Ilex in Latin means the holm-oak or evergreen oak (Quercus ilex). Despite the Linnaean classification of Ilex as holly, as late as the 19th century in Britain, the term Ilex was still being applied to the oak as well as the holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leaves.[4][5] The name "holly" in common speech refers to Ilex aquifolium, specifically stems with berries used in Christmas decoration. By extension, "holly" is also applied to the whole genus. The origin of the word "holly" is considered a reduced form of Old English hole(ġ)n,[6] Middle English Holin, later Hollen.[7] [8] The French word for holly, houx, derives from the Old Low Franconian *hulis (Middle Dutch huls).[9] Both are related to Old High German hulis, huls,[10] as are Low German/Low Franconian terms like Hülse or hulst. These Germanic words appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh celyn, Breton kelen(n) and Irish cuileann. [11]
Several romance languages use the Latin word acrifolium (turned into aquifolium in modern time), so Italian agrifoglio, Occitan grefuèlh, etc. [12]
History[edit source | edit]
North American Ilex mucronata formerly named Nemopanthus mucronata.
Hollies (here, Ilex aquifolium) are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stamen and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.
The phylogeography of this group provides examples of various speciation mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining Ilex when the Earth mass broke away from Gondwana and Laurasia about 82 million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is called allopatric speciation. Over time survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological niches. This led to reproductive isolation, an example of ecological speciation. In the Pliocene, around five million years ago, the formation of the new orogeny[clarification needed] diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for speciation within the genus.
The fossil record indicates that the Ilex lineage was already widespread prior to the end of the Cretaceous period. Based on the molecular clock the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the Eocene, about 50 million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches.[13] The laurel forest covered great areas of the Earth during the Paleogene, when the genus was more prosperous. This type of forest extended during the Neogene, more than 20 million years ago. Most of the last remaining temperate evergreen forests are believed to have disappeared about 10,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene. Many of the then existing species with the strictest ecological requirements became extinct because they could not cross the barriers imposed by the geography, but others found refuge as a species relict in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from the extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence.
The genus includes about 400 to 600 species, divided into three subgenera:
- Ilex subg. Byronia, with the type species Ilex polypyrena
- Ilex subg. Prinos, with 12 species
- Ilex subg. Ilex, with the rest of the over 400 species
Range[edit source | edit]
The genus is distributed throughout the world's different climates. Most species make their home in the tropics and subtropics, with a worldwide distribution in temperate zones. The greatest diversity of species is found in the Americas and in Southeast Asia.
Ilex mucronata, formerly the type species of Nemopanthus, is native to eastern North America.[14] Nemopanthus was treated as a monotypic genus with eight species.[15] of the family Aquifoliaceae, now transferred to Ilex on molecular data;[16] it is closely related to Ilex amelanchier.[17]
In Europe the genus is represented by a single species, the classically named holly Ilex aquifolium. In continental Africa this species and (Ilex mitis). Ilex canariensis Macaronesia and Ilex aquifolium arose from a common ancestor in the laurel forests of the Mediterranean. Australia, isolated at an early period, has (Ilex arnhemensis). Of 204 species growing in China, 149 species are endemic. A species which stands out for its economic importance among the Spanish-speaking countries is Ilex paraguariensis or Yerba mate. Having evolved numerous species that are endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare.
Ecology[edit source | edit]
Often the tropical species are especially threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation. At least two species of Ilex have become extinct recently, and many others are barely surviving.[18] The fruits are toxic to humans, though their poisonous properties are overstated and fatalities are almost unknown. [19] [20] They are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the autumn and early winter the fruits are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the fruits soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata). Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include Bucculatrix ilecella, which feeds exclusively on hollies, and The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia).
Toxicity[edit source | edit]
A 'Highclere' holly variety
The berries of various species contain Theobromine, a compound similar to caffeine. In very small doses, theobromine and other caffeines only mildly stimulate the nervous system. However larger amounts can cause dizziness, stomach pain, nausea, diarrhoea, elevated pulse rate, and low blood pressure, as well as drowsiness.[21]
In winter, the bright red berries attract birds, who eat them after the frosts have reduced their toxicity. However, if household pets ingest holly, they are very likely to be poisoned, and it is a good idea to keep holly decorations out of reach of pets and children.[22]
Cultivation[edit source | edit]
Many of the holly species are widely used as ornamental plants in gardens and parks, notably:
- I. aquifolium (common European holly)
- I. crenata (box-leaved holly)
- I. verticillata (winterberry)[23]
Moreover, many hundreds of hybrids and cultivars have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular "Highclere holly", Ilex × altaclerensis (I. aquifolium × I. perado) and the "blue holly", Ilex × meserveae (I. aquifolium × I. rugosa).[24] Hollies are often used for hedges; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping.[25]
Other uses[edit source | edit]
Several holly species are used to make caffeine-rich herbal teas. The South American Yerba Mate (I. paraguariensis) is boiled for the popular revigorating drinks Mate, and Chimarrão, and steeped in water for the cold Tereré. Guayusa (I. guayusa) is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture to the entheogenic tea ayahuasca; its leaves have the highest known caffeine content of any plant. In North and Central America, Yaupon (I. vomitoria), was used by southeastern Native Americans as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as "the black drink".[26][27] As the name suggests, the tea's purgative properties were one of its main uses, most often ritually. Gallberry (Appalachian Tea, I. glabra) is a milder substitute for Yaupon and does not have caffeine. In China, the young leaf buds of I. kudingcha are processed in a method similar to green tea to make a tisane called kǔdīng chá (苦丁茶, roughly "bitter spikeleaf tea").
Between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, before the introduction of turnips, holly was cultivated for use as winter fodder for cattle and sheep.[28] Less spiny varieties of holly were preferred, and in practice the leaves growing near the top of the tree have far fewer spines making them more suitable for fodder.
Holly was also once among the traditional woods for Great Highland bagpipes before tastes turned to imported dense tropical woods such as cocuswood, ebony, and African blackwood.[29]
Holly has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[30] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[31]
Culture[edit source | edit]
Traditional Christmas card with holly and mistletoe. Circa 1880s
Holly – more specifically the European holly, Ilex aquifolium – is commonly referenced at Christmas time. In many western cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths and illustrations, for instance on Christmas cards. Since medieval times the plant has carried a Christian symbolism, as expressed in the well-known carol "The Holly and the Ivy". However, the association of holly with winter celebrations almost certainly pre-dates Christianity. Druids wore holly wreaths on their heads.
In heraldry, holly is used to symbolise truth.
The Norwegian municipality of Stord has a yellow twig of holly in its Coat-of-arms.
In the extremely popular and best-selling Harry Potter novels, holly is used as the wood in the titular character's wand.
Selected species[edit source | edit]
- Ilex abscondita
- Ilex acutidenticulata
- Ilex affinis
- Ilex × altaclarensis
- Ilex altiplana
- Ilex amara – Caachira
- Ilex ambigua – Sand Holly
- Ilex amelanchier – Swamp Holly
- Ilex anomala Hook. & Arn. – Kāwaʻu (Hawaiʻi)[32]
- Ilex anonoides
- Ilex aquifolium – European Holly, English Holly, Christ's Thorn
- Ilex aquifolium 'Ferox' – Hedgehog holly
- Ilex aracamuniana
- Ilex argentina
- Ilex arisanensis
- Ilex arnhemensis – Northern Holly (Northern Australia)
- Ilex bioritsensis
- Ilex brachyphylla
- Ilex brasiliensis
- Ilex brevicuspis
- Ilex brevipedicellata
- Ilex buergeri
- Ilex canariensis – Small-leaved Holly, Acebino
- Ilex caniensis
- Ilex cassine – Dahoon Holly, Cassena
- Ilex centrochinensis
- Ilex cerasifolia
- Ilex chamaedryfolia
- Ilex chapaensis
- Ilex chengkouensis
- Ilex chinensis
- Ilex chuniana
- Ilex ciliolata
- Ilex ciliospinosa
- Ilex cognata
- Ilex colchica
- Ilex collina
- Ilex conocarpa
- Ilex cookii – Cook's Holly (Puerto Rico)
- Ilex corallina
- Ilex coriacea – Gallberry
- Ilex cornuta – Chinese Holly, Horned Holly
- Ilex costaricensis
- Ilex cowanii
- Ilex crenata – Japanese Holly, Box-leaved Holly, inutsuge (Japanese)
- Ilex crepitans
- Ilex cyrtura
- Ilex dabieshanensis
- Ilex davidsei
- Ilex decidua Walter – Possumhaw (Eastern United States, Northeastern Mexico)
- Ilex dehongensis
- Ilex dimorphophylla
- Ilex diospyroides
- Ilex dipyrena – Himalayan Holly
- Ilex dumosa
- Ilex ericoides
- Ilex euryoides
- Ilex fargesii
- Ilex fengqingensis
- Ilex fertilis
- Ilex florifera
- Ilex gardneriana (extinct: 20th century?)
- Ilex geniculata
- Ilex georgei
- Ilex gigantea
- Ilex glabella
- Ilex glabra L. A.Gray – Evergreen Winterberry, Bitter Gallberry, Inkberry (Eastern North America)
- Ilex gleasoniana
- Ilex goshiensis
- Ilex graciliflora
- Ilex grandiflora
- Ilex guaiquinimae
- Ilex guayusa – Guayusa
- Ilex guianensis
- Ilex harrisii
- Ilex holstii
- Ilex huachamacariana
- Ilex humboldtiana
- Ilex ignicola
- Ilex illustris
- Ilex integerrima
- Ilex integra – Mochi Tree, Nepal Holly
- Ilex intricata
- Ilex jamaicana Proctor (Jamaica)
- Ilex jauaensis
- Ilex jelskii
- Ilex karuaiana
- Ilex khasiana
- Ilex kingiana
- Ilex kudingcha
- Ilex kusanoi
- Ilex laevigata – Smooth Winterberry
- Ilex lasseri
- Ilex latifolia – Tarajo Holly, tarayō (Japanese)
- Ilex lechleri
- Ilex leucoclada
- Ilex longipes
- Ilex longzhouensis
- Ilex machilifolia
- Ilex maclurei
- Ilex macoucoua
- Ilex macrocarpa
- Ilex macropoda
- Ilex magnifructa
- Ilex maingayi
- Ilex marahuacae
- Ilex marginata
- Ilex margratesavage
- Ilex mathewsii
- Ilex × meserveae
- Ilex microdonta
- Ilex mitis
- Ilex montana Torrey & A.Gray – Mountain Winterberry (Eastern United States)
- Ilex mucronata (L.) M.Powell, Savol., & S.Andrews – Mountain Holly, Catberry (Eastern North America)
- Ilex myrtifolia – Myrtle Holly, Myrtle Dahoon
- Ilex neblinensis
- Ilex nothofagifolia
- Ilex oblonga
- Ilex occulta
- Ilex opaca – American Holly (Eastern United States)
- Ilex ovalifolia
- Ilex palawanica
- Ilex pallida
- Ilex paraguariensis – Maté, yerba maté, erva-mate (Portuguese)
- Ilex parvifructa
- Ilex patens
- Ilex pauciflora
- Ilex paujiensis
- Ilex pedunculosa – Longstalked holly
- Ilex peiradena
- Ilex perado – Madeiran Holly
- Ilex perlata
- Ilex pernyi – Perny's Holly
- Ilex polita
- Ilex praetermissa
- Ilex pringlei
- Ilex pseudobuxus
- Ilex puberula
- Ilex pubescens
- Ilex pubiflora
- Ilex purpurea
- Ilex qianlingshanensis
- Ilex quercetorum
- Ilex quercifolia
- Ilex rarasanensis
- Ilex reticulata
- Ilex rotunda
- Ilex rugosa
- Ilex sclerophylla
- Ilex serrata – Japanese Winterberry
- Ilex sessilifructa
- Ilex shimeica
- Ilex sikkimensis
- Ilex sintenisii (Urban) Britt. – Sintenis' Holly (Puerto Rico)
- Ilex sipapoana
- Ilex socorroensis
- Ilex spinigera
- Ilex spruceana
- Ilex steyermarkii
- Ilex subrotundifolia
- Ilex subtriflora
- Ilex sugerokii
- Ilex sulcata
- Ilex syzygiophylla
- Ilex tahanensis
- Ilex tateana
- Ilex taubertiana
- Ilex ternatiflora (extinct: 20th century?)
- Ilex theezans
- Ilex tiricae
- Ilex tolucana
- Ilex trachyphylla
- Ilex trichocarpa
- Ilex tugitakayamensis
- Ilex uraiensis
- Ilex vaccinoides
- Ilex venezuelensis
- Ilex venulosa
- Ilex verticillata (L.) A.Gray American Winterberry (Eastern North America)
- Ilex vomitoria – Yaupon Holly, casseena (Spanish)
- Ilex vulcanicola
- Ilex wenchowensis
- Ilex williamsii
- Ilex wilsonii
- Ilex yunnanensis
- Ilex wugonshanensis
- Ilex yuiana[33]
Gallery[edit source | edit]
-
Ilex anomala
-
A contorted hedgehog holly Ilex aquifolium 'Ferox'
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Ilex chinensis
-
Ilex pedunculosa
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Ilex rotunda
-
Ilex verticillata
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Ilex yunnanensis
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Ilex × meserveae
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Ilex pernyi from west China.
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book 1995:606–607
- ^ "Index Nominum Genericorum". 2009-02-05.
- ^ "Kew Plants and Fungi". 2012-04-11.
- ^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 0199206872.
- ^ Abbe, Elfriede Martha (1965). The plants of Virgil's Georgics. Cornell University Press. p. 88.
- ^ Middle English Holin, later Hollen. Skeat, Walter William (1887). Principles of English etymology, Volume 1. London, U.K.: Clarendon Press. p. 371.
- ^ T. F. Hoad, English Etymology, Oxford University Press, 1993 (ISBN 0-19-283098-8), p. 218b.
- ^ Skeat, Walter William (2005). A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Cosimo, Inc. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-59605-092-1.
- ^ etymology of "houx" (French)
- ^ Pick, Edward (1869). An etymological dictionary of the French language. Murray. p. 106.
- ^ Skeat, Walter William (1882). An etymological dictionary of the English language. Clarendon Press. p. 269.
- ^ Nettleship, Henry (1889). Contributions to Latin lexicography. Clarendon Press. p. 27.
- ^ Loizeau, P.-A.; Barriera G., Manen J.-F. & Broennimann O. (2005). "Towards an understanding of Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae) on a World-wide scale". In Friis I., Balslev H.,. Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions : proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, 25–28 May 2003. Biologiske skrifter 55. Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab. pp. 507–517. ISBN 978-87-7304-304-2. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Ilex mucronata
- ^ Species PPP-index
- ^ Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Cuénod, P., Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronatus: Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data. Kew Bulletin 55: 341–347.
- ^ Alexandra M. Gottlieb, Gustavo C. Giberti & Lidia Poggio (2005). "Molecular analyses of the genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data". American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 352–369. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.352. JSTOR 4123880. PMID 21652411.
- ^ International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Ilex]
- ^ Leikin, Jerrold Blair; Frank P. Paloucek (2002). Poisoning & Toxicology Handbook, Third Edition. Hudson, Ohio USA: Lexi-Comp Inc. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-930598-77-5.
- ^ Turner, Nancy J.; P. von Aderkas (2009). The North American Guide to Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms. Timberpress. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-88192-929-4.
- ^ "English Holly (Ilex aquifolum)". Nova Scotia Museum. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ Goff, Matthew (2012-09-30). "Holiday Hazards for Pets". The Saturday Evening Post. Retrieved 2012-09-30. More than one of
|author=and|last=specified (help) - ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
- ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ Northumbria Police: Security starts at the Garden Gate
- ^ Cherokee: Gvnega adatasti (ᎬᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᏔᏍᏘ), Asi (ᎠᏏ).
- ^ Goff, Matthew. "Black Drink". Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
- ^ Spray, M. (1981). Holly as a Fodder in England. Agricultural History Review 29 (2): 97. Available online (pdf file). British Agricultural History Society.
- ^ Joshua Dickson (9 October 2009). The Highland bagpipe: music, history, tradition. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-7546-6669-1. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved September 2013.
- ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). Kāwaʻu, Hawaiian holly (PDF). United States Forest Service.
- ^ Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)
External links[edit source | edit]
| Find more about Holly at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
| Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
| Media from Commons | |
| Quotations from Wikiquote | |
| Species directories Ilex from Wikispecies | |
- Eichhorn, Markus (March 2011). "The Holly Tree". Test Tube. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
English Journal
- Triterpene saponins from the roots of Ilex pubescens.
- Zhou Y1, Zeng K1, Zhang J2, Li N1, Chai X3, Jiang Y1, Tu P4.
- Fitoterapia.Fitoterapia.2014 Jun 6. pii: S0367-326X(14)00150-6. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.05.020. [Epub ahead of print]
- Five new triterpene saponins, Ilexpublesnins N-R (1-5), along with seven known analogs were isolated from the root of Ilex pubescens. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Ilexpublesnin N (1) possessed a rare 20-hydrox
- PMID 24910001
- Effects of oral phytoextract intake on phenolic concentration and redox homeostasis in murine encephalic regions.
- Cittadini MC, Canalis AM, Albrecht C, Soria EA.
- Nutritional neuroscience.Nutr Neurosci.2014 May 20. [Epub ahead of print]
- Vegetable infusions (VI) are one of the main phenolic sources for humans. They may act as antioxidants in the central nervous system, but data about their effect are insufficient. The main objective of the study was to determinate the effects of oral VI of Argentinean plants on phenolic concentratio
- PMID 24840738
- Yerba mate enhances probiotic bacteria growth in vitro but as a feed additive does not reduce Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in vivo.
- Gonzalez-Gil F1, Diaz-Sanchez S, Pendleton S, Andino A, Zhang N, Yard C, Crilly N, Harte F, Hanning I.
- Poultry science.Poult Sci.2014 Feb;93(2):434-40. doi: 10.3382/ps.2013-03339.
- Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a tea known to have beneficial effects on human health and antimicrobial activity against some foodborne pathogens. Thus, the application of yerba mate as a feed additive for broiler chickens to reduce Salmonella colonization was evaluated. The first in vitro eval
- PMID 24570466
Japanese Journal
- フェニトロチオンおよびベノミルの薬液浸漬によるイヌツゲ根鉢内のオオハリセンチュウ防除
- 日本線虫学会誌 45(1), 27-33, 2015
- NAID 130005118605
- Isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite markers in Macrodasyceras hirsutum (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)
- Applied entomology and zoology 49(1), 197-200, 2014-02
- NAID 40019997093
- 伊豆諸島の御蔵島と青ヶ島で発見された虫えい
- 昆蟲. ニューシリーズ 15(2), 75-84, 2012-04-05
- NAID 110009865351
Related Links
- Aquifoliaceae, the holly family, in the order Aquifoliales, found worldwide, comprising two genera and about 400 species of shrubs and trees, best known for the genus Ilex (see holly). Four species of Byronia are in the Polynesian and ...
- Fossils assigned to Aquifoliaceae are about the same age (Loizeau et al. 2005; Martinez-Millán 2010; Friis & Pedersen 2012, c.f. Beaulieu et al. 2013a). Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Diversification at this node may have ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「Ilex」「モチノキ科」「holly」 |
「Ilex」
「モチノキ科」
「holly」