アガリクス、ラタケ属、アガリクス属、Agaricus属

関: Agaricales、mushroom

WordNet

type genus of Agaricaceae; gill fungi having brown spores and including several edible species (同)genus Agaricus
pick or gather mushrooms; "We went mushrooming in the Fall"
a large cloud of rubble and dust shaped like a mushroom and rising into the sky after an explosion (especially of a nuclear bomb) (同)mushroom cloud, mushroom-shaped cloud
any of various fleshy fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota consisting of a cap at the end of a stem arising from an underground mycelium
common name for an edible agaric (contrasting with the inedible toadstool)
grow and spread fast; "The problem mushroomed"
mushrooms and related fleshy fungi (including toadstools, puffballs, morels, coral fungi, etc.)
fleshy body of any of numerous edible fungi
typical gilled mushrooms belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota (同)order Agaricales

PrepTutorEJDIC

キノコ,食用キノコ / キノコ状の物 / (キノコのように)早く成長するもの / 急速に成長する(広がる,ふえる) / キノコ状に広がる / キノコ狩をする

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/30 22:20:57」(JST)

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Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide.^[2]^[3] The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (Agaricus campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.

Members of Agaricus are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores. They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of Agaricus also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the object on which the mushroom grows, or substrate, and a partial veil, which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk.

Taxonomy

For many years, members of the genus Agaricus were given the generic name Psalliota, and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve Agaricus against Psalliota or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous.^{[citation needed]}

Several origins of Agaricus have been proposed; it possibly derives "from Agarica of Sarmatica, a district of Russia".^{[citation needed]} Note also Greek ἀγαρικ^[4] όν, "a sort of tree fungus" (There has been an Agaricon Adans. genus, treated by Donk in Persoonia 1:180.)

Donk reports Linnaeus' name is devalidated (so the proper author citation apparently is "L. per Fr., 1821") because Agaricus was not linked to Tournefort's name. Linnaeus places both Agaricus Dill. and Amanita Dill. in synonymy, but truly a replacement for Amanita Dill., which would require A. quercinus, not A. campestris be the type. This question is compounded because Fries himself used Agaricus roughly in Linnaeus' sense (which leads to issues with Amanita), and A. campestris was eventually excluded from Agaricus by Karsten and was apparently in Lepiota at the time Donk wrote this, commenting that a type conservation might become necessary.^[5]

The alternate name for the genus, Psalliota, derived from the Greek psalion/ψάλιον, "ring", was first published by Fries (1821) as trib. Psalliota. The type is Agaricus campestris (widely accepted, except by Earle, who proposed A. cretaceus). Paul Kummer (not Quélet, who merely excluded Stropharia) was the first to elevate the tribe to a genus. Psalliota was the tribe containing the type of Agaricus, so when separated, it should have caused the rest of the genus to be renamed, but this is not what happened.^[6]

Phylogenetics

The use of phylogenetic analysis to determine evolutionary relationships amongst Agaricus species has increased the understanding of this taxonomically difficult genus, although much work remains to be done to fully delineate infrageneric relationships. Prior to these analyses, the genus Agaricus, as circumscribed by Rolf Singer, was divided into 42 species grouped into five sections based on reactions of mushroom tissue to air or various chemical reagents, as well as subtle differences in mushroom morphology.^[7] Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated this classification scheme needed revision.^[8]

Sections

This genus is divided into several sections:

Section Agaricus
Section Arvense Konrad & Maubl.

Contains 19 species in six subgroups similar to the horse mushroom, A. arvensis, it has versatile heterothallic life cycles.^[9]

Section Xanthodermatei

Outlined by Singer in 1948, this section includes species with various characteristics similar to the type species A. xanthodermus.^[10] The section forms a single clade based on analysis of ITS1+2.^[11]

Section Chitonioides
Section Sanguinoletti
Section Spissicaules (Hainem.) Kerrigan
Section Duploannulatae

Based on DNA analysis of ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S sequences, this section (also known as section Hortenses) may be divided into six distinct clades, five of which correspond to well-known species from the temperate Northern Hemisphere: A. bisporus, A. subfloccosus, A. bitorquis, A. vaporarius and A. cupressicola. The sixth clade comprises the species complex A. devoniensis.^[12]

Edibility

The genus contains the most widely consumed and best-known mushroom today, A. bisporus, with A. campestris also being well known. The most notable inedible species is the yellow-staining mushroom, A. xanthodermus.^{[citation needed]} All three are found worldwide.

One species reported from Africa, A. aurantioviolaceus, is reportedly deadly poisonous.^{[citation needed]}

Footnotes

^ "Synonymy: Agaricus L., Sp. pl. 2: 1171 (1753)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
^ Bas C. (1991). A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Agaricus, 21–24. In L.J.L.D. Van Griensven (ed.), Genetics and breeding of Agaricus. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
^ Capelli A. (1984). Agaricus. L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.). Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna, Saronno, Italy
^ Letter is script and looks like a Russian и.
^ Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238.
^ Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238
^ Singer, Rolf (1987). Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. ISBN 3-7682-0143-0.
^ Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ (December 1996). "Phylogeny of the genus Agaricus inferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA". Fungal Genet Biol 20 (4): 243–53. doi:10.1006/fgbi.1996.0039. PMID 9045755.
^ Calvo-Bado L, Noble R, Challen M, Dobrovin-Pennington A, Elliott T (February 2000). "Sexuality and Genetic Identity in the Agaricus Section Arvenses". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2): 728–34. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.2.728-734.2000. PMC 91888. PMID 10653743.
^ Singer R (1948). "Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium". Sydowia 2: 26–42.
^ Kerrigan RW, Callac P, Guinberteau J, Challen MP, Parra LA (2005). "Agaricus section Xanthodermatei: a phylogenetic reconstruction with commentary on taxa". Mycologia 97 (6): 1292–315. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.6.1292. PMID 16722221.
^ Challen MP, Kerrigan RW, Callac P (2003). "A phylogenetic reconstruction and emendation of Agaricus section Duploannulatae". Mycologia 95 (1): 61–73. doi:10.2307/3761962.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Agaricus

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agaricus.

MycoKey - The Genus Agaricus
Mushroom Expert - The Genus Agaricus
Varieties of California, USA on MYKOWEB .com
Agaricus page at Index Fungorum
On-line nomenclature of Agaricus from Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid. CSIC

Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne

UpToDate Contents

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1. キノコ中毒の臨床症状および評価 clinical manifestations and evaluation of mushroom poisoning
2. タマゴテングタケなどのアマトキシン含有キノコによる中毒 amatoxin containing mushroom poisoning including ingestion of amanita phalloides

English Journal

Implications of polluted soil biostimulation and bioaugmentation with spent mushroom substrate (Agaricus bisporus) on the microbial community and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation.

García-Delgado C1, D'Annibale A2, Pesciaroli L3, Yunta F4, Crognale S5, Petruccioli M6, Eymar E7.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Mar 1;508:20-8. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.046. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
Different applications of spent Agaricus bisporus substrate (SAS), a widespread agro-industrial waste, were investigated with respect to the remediation of a historically polluted soil with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). In one treatment, the waste was sterilized (SSAS) prior to its applica
PMID 25437949

A high throughput colorimetric assay of β-1,3-d-glucans by Congo red dye.

Semedo MC1, Karmali A2, Fonseca L3.
Journal of microbiological methods.J Microbiol Methods.2014 Dec 31;109C:140-148. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.12.020. [Epub ahead of print]
Mushroom strains contain complex nutritional biomolecules with a wide spectrum of therapeutic and prophylactic properties. Among these compounds, β-d-glucans play an important role in immuno-modulating and anti-tumor activities. The present work involves a novel colorimetric assay method for β-1,3
PMID 25555819

Arsenic speciation in edible mushrooms.

Nearing MM1, Koch I, Reimer KJ.
Environmental science & technology.Environ Sci Technol.2014 Dec 16;48(24):14203-10. doi: 10.1021/es5038468. Epub 2014 Dec 2.
The fruiting bodies, or mushrooms, of terrestrial fungi have been found to contain a high proportion of the nontoxic arsenic compound arsenobetaine (AB), but data gaps include a limited phylogenetic diversity of the fungi for which arsenic speciation is available, a focus on mushrooms with higher to
PMID 25417842

Japanese Journal

食用きのこに含まれる抗酸化活性の評価

薮田行哲,宮脇ひろみ,柴山絢子,一柳剛,會見忠則,渡辺文雄
日本きのこ学会誌 : mushroom science and biotechnology 20(2), 89-92, 2012-07-31
市販されている9種の食用きのこの抗酸化活性をクロシン退色法,フォーリンチオカルト法,そして1,1-ジフェニル-2-ピクリルヒドラジル消去法の3種類の方法により測定した.9種類の内,ツクリタケが最も高い抗酸化活性(0.22mmol Trolox当量/g新鮮重量)を示した.さらにツクリタケの抗酸化活性は熱に安定であった.抗酸化活性は抽出溶媒および抗酸化活性の測定法の違いにより変化した.このことはきのこ …
NAID 110009489221

Agaricus flocculosipes sp. nov., a new potentially cultivatable species from the palaeotropics

ZHAO Rui-Lin,HYDE Kevin D.,DESJARDIN Dennis E.,RASPE Olivier,SOYTONG Kasem,GUINBERTEAU Jacques,KARUNARATHNA Samantha C.,CALLAC Philippe
Mycoscience 53(4), 300-311, 2012-07-25
NAID 10031040670

In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Water-soluble Nucleotide-extract from Edible Fungi

CHENG Cui-Lin,WANG Zhen-Yu,CHENG Li,ZHAO Hai-Tian,YANG Xin,LIU Jia-Ren,CUI Mo-Li,WANG Rong-Chun
Food science and technology research 18(3), 405-412, 2012-05-01
… In this study, we obtained water-soluble nucleotide-extract from six kinds of edible fungi (Agrocybe chaxingu, Lentinus edodes, Coprinus comatus gray, Agaricus bisporus, Armillariella mellea, Flammulina velutipes), and the extract from Agrocybe Chaxingu sporocarp exhibited the highest total reducing power and the most remarkable scavenging activity on 2,2′-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), which had a good dose-response relationship with the concentration of water-soluble nucleotide. …
NAID 10030922956

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リンク元	「ハラタケ属」「アガリクス」「アガリクス属」「mushroom」「Agaricales」
拡張検索	「Agaricus属」

「ハラタケ属」

Agaricus
	A. campestris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Subphylum:	Agaricomycotina
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Agaricaceae
Genus:	Agaricus; L.:Fr. emend Karst.
Type species
	Agaricus campestris; L.:Fr.
Species
	List of Agaricus species;
Synonyms
	Amanita Dill. ex Boehm. (1760); Fungus Tourn. ex Adans. (1763); Hypophyllum Paulet (1808); Myces Paulet (1808); Agaricus trib. Psalliota Fr. (1821); Pratella (Pers.) Gray (1821); Psalliota (Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871);

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ラ: Agaricus
関: キノコ、Agaricus属、アガリクス属、アガリクス、ハラタケ目

「アガリクス」

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ラ: Agaricus
関: ハラタケ属、Agaricus属、アガリクス属

「アガリクス属」

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ラ: Agaricus
関: ハラタケ属、Agaricus属、アガリクス

「mushroom」

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キノコ

関: Agaricales、Agaricus

「Agaricales」

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ハラタケ目

ラタケ目

関: Agaricus、mushroom

「Agaricus属」

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ラ: Agaricus
関: ハラタケ属、アガリクス属、アガリクス

[urlFungorum:_Agaricus-1] "Synonymy: Agaricus L., Sp. pl. 2: 1171 (1753)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-08-29.

[2] Bas C. (1991). A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Agaricus, 21–24. In L.J.L.D. Van Griensven (ed.), Genetics and breeding of Agaricus. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

[3] Capelli A. (1984). Agaricus. L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.). Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna, Saronno, Italy

[4] Letter is script and looks like a Russian и.

[Donk62-5] Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238.

[6] Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238

[isbn3-7682-0143-0-7] Singer, Rolf (1987). Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. ISBN 3-7682-0143-0.

[pmid9045755-8] Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ (December 1996). "Phylogeny of the genus Agaricus inferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA". Fungal Genet Biol 20 (4): 243–53. doi:10.1006/fgbi.1996.0039. PMID 9045755.

[pmid10653743-9] Calvo-Bado L, Noble R, Challen M, Dobrovin-Pennington A, Elliott T (February 2000). "Sexuality and Genetic Identity in the Agaricus Section Arvenses". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2): 728–34. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.2.728-734.2000. PMC 91888. PMID 10653743.

[10] Singer R (1948). "Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium". Sydowia 2: 26–42.

[pmid16722221-11] Kerrigan RW, Callac P, Guinberteau J, Challen MP, Parra LA (2005). "Agaricus section Xanthodermatei: a phylogenetic reconstruction with commentary on taxa". Mycologia 97 (6): 1292–315. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.6.1292. PMID 16722221.

[12] Challen MP, Kerrigan RW, Callac P (2003). "A phylogenetic reconstruction and emendation of Agaricus section Duploannulatae". Mycologia 95 (1): 61–73. doi:10.2307/3761962.

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Agaricus