Acetobacter xylinum

アセトバクター・キシリナム

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Gluconacetobacter xylinum、Gluconacetobacter xylinus

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/21 10:37:21」(JST)

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Acetic acid bacteria
Acetobacter aceti
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Alphaproteobacteria
Order:	Rhodospirillales
Family:	Acetobacteraceae
Genera
Acetobacter Acidicaldus Acidiphilium Acidisphaera Acidocella Acidomonas Asaia Belnapia Craurococcus Gluconacetobacter Gluconobacter Granulibacter Kozakia Leahibacter Muricoccus Neoasaia Oleomonas Paracraurococcus Rhodopila Roseococcus Rubritepida Saccharibacter Stella Swaminathania Teichococcus Zavarzinia

Not to be confused with Acetobacterium, a distinct group of organisms.

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) derive their energy from the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid during fermentation. They are gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria.

Occurrence

Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are ubiquitous in nature. They are actively present in environments where ethanol is being formed as a result of fermentation of sugars. They can be isolated from the nectar of flowers and from damaged fruit. Other good sources are fresh apple cider and unpasteurized beer that has not been filter sterilized. In these liquids, they grow as a surface film due to their aerobic nature and active motility. Fruit flies or vinegar eels are considered as a common vector in propagating acetic acid bacteria in nature.

Suppression

The growth of Acetobacter in wine can be suppressed through effective sanitation, by complete exclusion of air from wine in storage, and by the use of moderate amounts of sulfur dioxide in the wine as a preservative.

Metabolism

Vinegar is produced when acetic acid bacteria act on alcoholic beverages such as wine.

Some genera, such as Acetobacter, can oxidize acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water using Krebs cycle enzymes. Other genera, such as Gluconobacter, do not further oxidize acetic acid, as they do not have a full set of Krebs cycle enzymes.

As these bacteria produce acid, they are usually acid-tolerant, growing well below pH 5.0, although the pH optimum for growth is 5.4-6.3.

One species of Acetobacter, Acetobacter xylinum, is able to synthesize cellulose, something normally done only by plants.

Genus Acetobacter

Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Several species are in this genus, and other bacteria are capable of forming acetic acid under various conditions, but all of the Acetobacter species are known by this characteristic ability.

Acetobacter is of particular importance commercially, because some species are used in the production of vinegar (intentionally converting the ethanol in wine to acetic acid), and they can destroy wine which they infect by producing excessive amounts of acetic acid or ethyl acetate, both of which can render the wine unpalatable. Acetobacter species are also used to intentionally acidify beer during long maturation periods in the production of traditional Flemish sour ales.

Acetobacter species can be easily distinguished in the laboratory by the growth of colonies on a medium containing about 7% ethanol and enough calcium carbonate to render it partially opaque. When Acetobacter colonies form enough acetic acid from the ethanol, the calcium carbonate around the colonies dissolves, forming a very distinct clear zone.

References

• Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1. 

Further reading

• Ecological occurrence of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and nitrogen-fixing Acetobacteraceae members: their possible role in plant growth promotion 2008. Microb Ecol. 55(1):130-40.
• Genera and species in acetic acid bacteria, 2008 Int. J. Food Microbiol. Volume 125, Issue 1, Pages 15–24.
• Polyphasic taxonomy of acetic acid bacteria: An overview of the currently applied methodology, 2008 Int. J. Food Microbiol. Volume 125, Issue 1, Pages 2–14
• Biotechnological applications of acetic acid bacteria, 2008, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, Volume 28, Issue 2, 101-124
• Evaluation of viability and growth of Acetobacter senegalensis under different stress conditions, 2013 Int. J. Food Microbiol.Volume 163,issue 2-3, 204-213

External links

• International conference on acetic acid bacteria

English Journal

• Small calibre biosynthetic bacterial cellulose blood vessels: 13-months patency in a sheep model.

• Malm CJ, Risberg B, Bodin A, Bäckdahl H, Johansson BR, Gatenholm P, Jeppsson A.SourceDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
• Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ.Scand Cardiovasc J.2012 Feb;46(1):57-62. doi: 10.3109/14017431.2011.623788. Epub 2011 Oct 27.
• OBJECTIVES: Many patients in need of bypass surgery lack graft material and current synthetic alternatives have poor performance. A 4 mm vascular graft composed of bacterial cellulose (BC) was developed and tested in pilot study in a large animal model.DESIGN: BC is a biopolymer made by the bacteria
• PMID 22029845

• Bacterial cellulose production from cotton-based waste textiles: enzymatic saccharification enhanced by ionic liquid pretreatment.

• Hong F, Guo X, Zhang S, Han SF, Yang G, Jönsson LJ.SourceGroup of Microbiological Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China. fhong@dhu.edu.cn
• Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2012 Jan;104:503-8. Epub 2011 Nov 25.
• Cotton-based waste textiles were explored as alternative feedstock for production of bacterial cellulose (BC) by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. The cellulosic fabrics were treated with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl). [AMIM]Cl caused 25% inactivation of cellulase ac
• PMID 22154745

Japanese Journal

• Structure of bacterial cellulose synthase subunit D octamer with four inner passageways

• Hu Song-Qing,Gao Yong-Gui,Tajima Kenji,Sunagawa Naoki,Zhou Yong,Kawano Shin,Fujiwara Takaaki,Yoda Takanori,Shimura Daisuke,Satoh Yasuharu,Munekata Masanobu,Tanaka Isao,Yao Min
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(42), 17957-17961, 2010-10-19
• … The cellulose synthesizing terminal complex consisting of subunits A, B, C, and D in Acetobacter xylinum spans the outer and inner cell membranes to synthesize and extrude glucan chains, which are assembled into sub-elementary fibrils and further into a ribbon. …
• NAID 120002911946

• A 28-day oral toxicity study of fermentation-derived cellulose, produced by Acetobacter aceti subspecies xylinum, in F344 rats

• HAGIWARA Akihiro,IMAI Norio,SANO Masashi,KAWABE Mayumi,TAMANO Seiko,KITAMURA Satoshi,OMOTO Toshio,ASAI Iwao,YASUHARA Kazuo,HAYASHI Shim-mo
• Journal of toxicological sciences 35(3), 317-325, 2010-06-01
• … This study was designed to evaluate any adverse effect of fermentation-derived cellulose, produced by Acetobacter aceti subspecies xylinum, when administered to both sexes of F344 rats at dietary levels of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0% for 28 days. …
• NAID 10026469602

Related Links

• Acetobacter xylinum - MicrobeWiki

Classification Bactiera; Protobcteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirllales; Acetobacteraceae; Gluconacetobacter; Acetobacter xylinum Other Names Gluconoacetobacter xylinus Description and significance Acetobacter xylinum is a ...

• Acetobacter xylinum

Acetobacter xylinum is a gram negative bacterium and is unique in its prolific synthesis of cellulose. Rows of pores characteristically secrete mini-crystals of glucan chains which then coalesce into microfibrils. Clusters of microfibrils ...

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Acetobacter xylinum、Gluconacetobacter xylinum