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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/16 13:34:13」(JST)

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L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC, choline alfoscerate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor^[1] which may have potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease^[2] and other dementias.^[3]

Alpha-GPC rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of acetylcholine.^[2] It is a non-prescription drug in most countries and in the United States it is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).^[4]

Efficacy

Studies have investigated the efficacy of alpha-GPC for cognitive disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An Italian multicentre clinical trial on 2,044 patients suffering from recent stroke were supplied alpha-GPC in doses of 1,000 mg/day for 28 days and 400 mg three times per day for the five ensuing months. The trial confirmed the therapeutic role of alpha-GPC on the cognitive recovery of patients based on four measurement scales, three of which reached statistical significance.^[5] Commonly used doses are 300 to 1,200 mg daily.^[4]

Production

Industrially, alpha-GPC is produced by the chemical or enzymatic deacylation of phosphatidylcholine enriched soya phospholipids followed by chromatographic purification. Alpha-GPC may also be derived in small amounts from highly purified soy lecithin.^{[citation needed]}

Storage

Many users report degradation of alpha-GPC when stored openly or for long periods of time. Alpha-GPC is hygroscopic and will pull moisture in from the surrounding air. This will cause the powder to turn into what appears to be a gel. Alpha-GPC with >99% purity will undergo this process at a visible rate (seconds to minutes) and thus requires minimized exposure to the air. This hygroscopic quality can cause gel capsules not fully packed with alpha-GPC to dissolve. Proper storage methods need to be used with alpha-GPC and include removing all air from the container, double bagging with plastic bags rated for chemicals (less likely to leak air), and storing bulk/excess inside the freezer. Vacuum sealed bags are highly recommended. For people accessing alpha-GPC daily it is advisable to separate a month's supply from excess and storing the excess as best as possible. Vacuum sealing a large supply into many 1 month dividends is a method positively reported by many users. It is important to note that hygroscopy is not degradation and leaves the substance still usable, however, the ability to accurately weigh a dose is no longer possible as the substance being weighed will be a mixture of powder and water. Liquefied or gelled alpha-GPC may also be indicative of poor storage and thus have an increased likelihood of actual degradation.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ De Jesus Moreno Moreno M (January 2003). "Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial". Clin Ther 25 (1): 178–93. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(03)90023-3. PMID 12637119.
^ ^a ^b Parnetti, Lucilla; et al. (2007). "Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: Ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation?". Journal of the Neurological Sciences 257 (1–2): 264–9. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.043. PMID 17331541.
^ Doggrell SA & Evans S; Evans (October 2003). "Treatment of dementia with neurotransmission modulation". Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12 (10): 1633–1654. doi:10.1517/13543784.12.10.1633. PMID 14519085.
^ ^a ^b US Food and Drug Administration: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Determination for the Use of AlphaSize Alpha-Glycerylphosphoryl Choline
^ Barbagallo Sangiorgi, G; Barbagallo, M; Giordano, M; Meli, M; Panzarasa, R (1994). "Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks. An Italian multicenter clinical trial". Ann NY Acad Sci 717: 253–69. PMID 8030842.

English Journal

[Study on the analytical error factors and evaluation of an internal control gene for leukemia gene expression analysis].

Satoh Y1, Yokota H, Takai D, Yatomi Y.
Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology.Rinsho Byori.2012 Aug;60(8):740-7.
Quantitative analysis of the leukemia fusion gene by real-time PCR is a sensitive method to monitor minimal residual disease; the data obtained are very useful to evaluate the disease stage and prognosis, contributing to the clinical practice of hematology. However, there is no standard laboratory p
PMID 23198532

Safety assessment of AGPC as a food ingredient.

Brownawell AM1, Carmines EL, Montesano F.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.Food Chem Toxicol.2011 Jun;49(6):1303-15. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.012. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
α-Glycerylphosphorylcholine (AGPC) is a semi-synthetic derivative of lecithin. Following oral administration, it is converted to phosphatidylcholine, a metabolically active form of choline that is able to reach cholinergic synaptic endings where it increases acetylcholine synthesis and release. A s
PMID 21414376

Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of glucose-1-phosphatase from Citrobacter braakii.

Kim YO1, Kim HW, Park IS, Lee JH, Lee SJ, Kim KK.
The Journal of general and applied microbiology.J Gen Appl Microbiol.2009 Oct;55(5):345-50.
Citrobacter braakii produced an intracellular acid glucose phosphatase (AgpC) which was purified 986 fold to homogeneity with the specific activity of 286 units/mg. AgpC hydrolyzed a wide variety of phosphorylated compounds with high activity for glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate. The opti
PMID 19940380

Japanese Journal

非接触メモリカードのための2.5Gb/s/ch 4PAM誘導結合送受信機(非接触メモリインターフェース,メモリ(DRAM, SRAM,フラッシュ,新規メモリ)技術)

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. ICD, 集積回路 110(9), 89-92, 2010-04-15
NAID 110008001245

Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of glucose-1-phosphatase from Citrobacter braakii

The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 55(5), 345-350, 2009
NAID 130004802164

自由貿易協定(FTA)は、むしろ自由貿易を阻害する?

北海道大学農經論叢 63, 25-42, 2008-06
NAID 120004580262

Related Pictures

AGPC emporte 3 titres départementaux et Spilsbury Award presented to him by AGPC Puertas Correderas AGPC-1000 Coreco Bob Armstrong, 2013 AGPC Spilsbury Award CPC - Bolaven Plateau Coffee Producers Les gymnastes de l' AGPC sur le podium de краски для аэрогафа AGPC › AGPC : SUPERBE GALA DE FIN D'ANNEE

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「AGPC法」

Alpha-GPC
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	[(2R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl] 2-trimethylazaniumylethyl phosphate
Clinical data
Legal status	OTC;
Identifiers
CAS Number	28319-77-9
ATC code	N07AX02
PubChem	CID: 657272
ChemSpider	571409
ChEBI	CHEBI:55397
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1567463
Chemical data
Formula	C8H20NO6P
Molecular mass	257.221 g/mol
	SMILES [O-]P(=O)(OC[C@H](O)CO)OCC[N+](C)(C)C ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H20NO6P/c1-9(2,3)4-5-14-16(12,13)15-7-8(11)6-10/h8,10-11H,4-7H2,1-3H3/t8-/m1/s1 ; Key:SUHOQUVVVLNYQR-MRVPVSSYSA-N ;
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英: AGPC method
同: single-step method, AGPC

[pmid12637119-1] De Jesus Moreno Moreno M (January 2003). "Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial". Clin Ther 25 (1): 178–93. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(03)90023-3. PMID 12637119.

[Parnetti-2] Parnetti, Lucilla; et al. (2007). "Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: Ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation?". Journal of the Neurological Sciences 257 (1–2): 264–9. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.043. PMID 17331541.

[Doggrell-3] Doggrell SA & Evans S; Evans (October 2003). "Treatment of dementia with neurotransmission modulation". Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12 (10): 1633–1654. doi:10.1517/13543784.12.10.1633. PMID 14519085.

[FDA-4] US Food and Drug Administration: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Determination for the Use of AlphaSize Alpha-Glycerylphosphoryl Choline

[5] Barbagallo Sangiorgi, G; Barbagallo, M; Giordano, M; Meli, M; Panzarasa, R (1994). "Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks. An Italian multicenter clinical trial". Ann NY Acad Sci 717: 253–69. PMID 8030842.

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AGPC