WordNet
- the decade from 1870 to 1879
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/06/16 00:03:57」(JST)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) |
Millennium: |
2nd millennium |
Centuries: |
18th century – 19th century – 20th century |
Decades: |
1840s 1850s 1860s – 1870s – 1880s 1890s 1900s |
Years: |
1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 |
Categories: |
Births – Deaths – Architecture
Establishments – Disestablishments |
The 1870s continued the trends of the previous decade, as new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War. Germany unified in 1871 and began its Second Reich. Labor unions and strikes occurred worldwide in the later part of the decade, and continued until World War I. The Reconstruction era of the United States brought a legacy of bitterness and segregation that lasted until the 1960s.
Contents
- 1 Politics and wars
- 1.1 Wars
- 1.2 Colonization, decolonization and independence
- 1.3 Prominent political events
- 2 Science and Technology
- 3 Environment
- 4 Popular culture
- 4.1 Literature and arts
- 4.2 Fashion
- 5 People
- 5.1 World Leaders
- 5.2 Politics
- 6 See also
- 7 References
Politics and wars
Wars
- Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) resulted in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire.
- The Anglo-Zulu War lasted from 11 January 1879 to 4 July 1879.
- The Third Carlist War (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain.
- Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Colonization, decolonization and independence
- The British Empire continued to grow; this decade marked the beginning of the New Imperialism.
- Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire.
- The Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains.
- Passive resistance was used to prevent the confiscation of Māori land at Parihaka in New Zealand.
Prominent political events
- The German Empire and Alliance System emerged.
- Racial and economic politics in America's Reconstruction are bitter, pessimistic, and sometimes violent.
- The Gilded Age begins in 1874, lasting until 1896.
Science and Technology
Photograph of Edison with his phonograph, taken by Mathew Brady in 1877
- The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
- A version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.
- The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.
- The steam drill is invented in 1879.
- Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy.
Environment
- Atlas Bear becomes extinct.
Popular culture
Literature and arts
- Jules Verne (France) publishes Around The World in Eighty Days
- In the United States, .continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877
- Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the slightly older Eugène Boudin, whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up plein air painting years before.[1] Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar. The group soon became known as the Impressionists.
- Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would eventually become the longest-living human being in recorded history. She lived until 1997, at the age of 122. She still holds the record as of 2013.
- Lewis Carroll publishes Through the Looking-Glass.
- Henrik Ibsen releases A Doll's House in 1879
Fashion
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This section requires expansion. (January 2010) |
Main article: 1870s in fashion
People
World Leaders
- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
- Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
- Tongzhi Emperor (China)
- Guangxu Emperor (China)
- Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
- Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
- King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
- King Umberto I (Italy)
- Emperor Meiji (Japan)
- Pope Pius IX
- Pope Leo XIII
- Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
- King Alfonso XII (Spain)
- Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
- Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
- Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
- President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
- President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
- Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Politics
- Eugène Borel, Director Universal Postal Union
- Gustave Moynier, President International Committee of the Red Cross
See also
References
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- The Birth of Modern Criminology and Gendered Constructions of Homosexual Criminal Identity.
- Woods JB.
- Journal of homosexuality.J Homosex.2014 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
- Abstract There is a dearth of engagement with LGBTQ populations, and sexual orientation and gender identity more broadly, in the field of criminology. This article analyzes the treatment of sexual orientation and gender identity at the birth of the discipline around the 1870s. Through an analysis of
- PMID 25265480
- Enrico Morselli's Psychology and "Spiritism": Psychiatry, psychology and psychical research in Italy in the decades around 1900.
- Brancaccio MT.
- Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences.Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci.2014 Sep 10. pii: S1369-8486(14)00096-X. doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.08.002. [Epub ahead of print]
- This paper traces Enrico Morselli's intellectual trajectory from the 1870s to the early 1900s. His interest in phenomena of physical mediumship is considered against the backdrop of the theoretical developments in Italian psychiatry and psychology. A leading positivist psychiatrist and a prolific ac
- PMID 25218119
- From left-skewness to symmetry: how body-height distribution among Swiss conscripts has changed shape since the late 19th century.
- Staub K1, Floris J, Woitek U, Rühli F.
- Annals of human biology.Ann Hum Biol.2014 Aug 26:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]
- Abstract Background: It is generally accepted that height distribution in modern populations is nearly symmetrical. However, it may deviate from symmetry when nutritional status is inadequate. Aim and subjects: This study provides an analysis of changes in the shape of the height distributions among
- PMID 25154618
Japanese Journal
- 高嶋 修一,タカシマ シュウイチ,Takashima Shuichi
- 青山經濟論集 64(4), 231-251, 20130300-00-00
- NAID 120005308412
- ムハンマド・アブドゥにおける「公正な専制者」の概念 : 「現状認識」と「先行する諸観念」という視角から
- 岡崎 弘樹
- 日本中東学会年報 (29-1), 67-95, 2013-07-15
- … Third, in the late 1870s, Afghani emphasized the necessity of a leader's ability, whereas Ishaq began to describe the despotism as a mechanism of reproduction of power. …
- NAID 110009635676
- 明治期から日米開戦前期のアメリカの日本人美術商の活動
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