1969年にアーサー・ジェンセンは「いかにしてIQと成績を向上させられるか」と言う論文で、アメリカにおける人種間の成績の差はそれまで暗黙に仮定されていたように、環境と学習だけの差ではなく、遺伝的差異が関わっている可能性も考慮するべきだと述べて論争を巻き起こした。1994年には『ベル・カーブ』 (The Bell Curve) という845ページの本が、リチャード・ハーンシュタインとチャールズ・マレーによって執筆された。二人は人種間の遺伝的差異は主張しなかったが、やはり知能は環境と学習だけで決定するのではなく個人間に遺伝的差異があり、社会的地位の高い人々と低い人々の間で知能の遺伝的差異が固定するような二分化が起きるのではないか、もしそうなら放置するのは危険ではないかと述べた。知能の遺伝という考えがアプリオリに拒絶されていた時代にあって、彼らの焦点は遺伝的差異を克服する方策であったにもかかわらず、知能が遺伝的に「決定」されると主張して差別を正当化しようとしている、と批判を浴びた。
カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校ラスキン公共政策大学院の研究者 JISUNG PARK の研究で、2001年から2014年までの13年間、1000万人のアメリカ人学生に行われたPSAT試験の追跡調査が行われた。その結果、気温が高い年の試験結果が悪くなる傾向がみられた。とくに空調の恩恵を受けられない貧困家庭などに大きな影響がみられた[28]。
知能の偏差値を「知能偏差値 (Intelligence Standard Score, ISS)」という。これは、知能を偏差値の形で表示したものであり、50を中心として上に行くほど知能が高いことをあらわしている。特徴としては、母集団の結果にばらつきが多い年齢層とばらつきが少ない年齢層の両方で、正確な表示ができることなどがあげられる。また、標準学力検査の結果も学力偏差値で表示される場合が多いため、IQと学力は比較しにくいが、知能偏差値と学力は比較しやすいという特徴もある。また、DIQはもともと偏差値・標準偏差の考え方を利用した表示法なので、知能偏差値はDIQと簡単に換算できる。伝統的に集団式検査に多い表示法である。
アメリカの政治学者であるチャールズ・マレー(英語版)は、米国青年パネル調査(National Longitudianl Survey of Youth,NLSY)の調査対象である1979年のコーホート[33]と1997年のコーホート[34]のデータを基にして、対象者が25歳に達した年の白人の学歴別平均IQの表を作成した[35]。
^ギネスブックは1985年に彼女を存命中の世界一IQの高い人物として認定したが、1990年にマリリンの正確なIQについて論争があることと、そもそも世界一IQの高い人物を認定すること自体が無意味で信憑性がないこととして、「世界一IQの高い人物」カテゴリーそのものを削除している。出典: Knight, Sam (2009年4月10日). “Is a high IQ a burden as much as a blessing?”. Financial Times (Financial Times Ltd). http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4add9230-23d5-11de-996a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2h4SGOygh2018年3月1日閲覧。
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^原典に版の表記はないが、出版の時期から見て第4版と思われる。
^ abc日本版WISC-III刊行委員会
^田中教育研究所2003
^ abcdeマレー 2013, p. 105–108.
^ abc肥田1970
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