出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/10 07:25:16」(JST)
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
| Fungi imperfecti | |
|---|---|
| Conidiophore of Aspergillus sp. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Species | |
|
See below. |
|
The Fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, also known as Deuteromycota, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed; hence the name "imperfect fungi." Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that this group of fungi produces their spores asexually, in the process called sporogenesis.
There are about 25,000 species that have been classified in the deuteromycota and many are basidiomycota or ascomycota anamorphs. Fungi producing the antibiotic penicillin and those that cause athlete's foot and yeast infections are imperfect fungi. In addition, there are a number of edible imperfect fungi, including the ones that provide the distinctive characteristics of Roquefort and Camembert cheese.
Other, more informal, names besides Deuteromycota ("Deuteromycetes") and fungi imperfecti, are anamorphic fungi, or mitosporic fungi, but these are terms without taxonomic rank.
Although Fungi imperfecti/Deuteromycota is no longer formally accepted as a taxon, many of the fungi it included have yet to find a place in modern fungal classification. This is because most fungi are classified based on characteristics of the fruiting bodies and spores produced during sexual reproduction, and members of the Deutromycota have only been observed to reproduce asexually or produce or no spores.
Mycologists are unique among those who study extant organisms in using a dual system of nomenclature. Dual naming was permitted by Article 59 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (which governs the naming of plants and fungi); however, this was abolished in the 2011 update of the Code.[1]
Under the former system, a name for an asexually reproducing fungus was considered a form taxon. For example, the ubiquitous and industrially important mold, Aspergillus niger, has no known sexual cycle. Thus Aspergillus niger is considered a form taxon. In contrast, isolates of its close relative, Aspergillus nidulans, revealed it to be the anomorphic stage of a teleomorph (the ascocarp or fruiting body of the sexual reproductive stage of a fungus), which was already named Emericella nidulans. When such a teleomorphic stage is known, that name will take priority over the name of an anamorph (which lacks a sexual reproductive stage). Hence the formerly classified Aspergillus species is now properly called Emericella nidulans.
Phylogenetic classification of asexually reproducing fungi now commonly uses molecular systematics. Phylogenetic trees constructed from comparative analyses of DNA sequences, such as rRNA, or multigene phylogenies may be used to infer relationships between asexually reproducing fungi and their sexually reproducing counterparts. With these methods, many asexually reproducing fungi have now been placed in the tree of life.[citation needed] However, because phylogenetic methods require sufficient quantities of biological materials (spores or fresh specimens) that are from pure (i.e., uncontaminated) fungal cultures, for many asexual species their exact relationship with other fungal species has yet to be determined. Under the current system of fungal nomenclature, teleomorph names cannot be applied to fungi that lack sexual structures. Classifying and naming asexually reproducing fungi is the subject of ongoing debate in the mycological community.
These groups are no longer formally accepted because they do not adhere to the principle of monophyly. The taxon names are sometimes used informally. In particular, the term 'hyphomycetes' is often used to refer to molds, and the term 'coelomycetes' is used to refer to many asexually reproducing plant pathogens that form discrete fruiting bodies.
Following, a classification of the Fungi imperfecti:[citation needed]
Other, according to Dörfelt (1989):[2]
Other systems of classification are reviewed by Kendrick (1981).[3]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| リンク元 | 「真菌」「不完全菌」 |
| 関連記事 | 「imperfect」「fungi」 |
| 分類群 | 菌名 | 病名 | 出芽分裂 | 菌体 | 菌糸 | 胞子 | 発芽管 | 寄生性 | 感染経路 | 病原体の特徴 | 病型 | 検査 | 治療 |
| 不完全菌 | Candida albicans | カンジダ症 | 仮性菌糸 | 厚膜胞子 | 形成 | 常在菌→各所 | 日和見感染症 | ||||||
| 担子菌 | Filobasidiella neoformans | クリプトコッカス症 | 出芽 | 厚い莢膜 | 通性細胞内寄生体 | 鳩の乾燥糞→空気感染→肺(通性細胞内寄生体) | 日和見感染菌 | 肺クリプトコッカス症、 中枢神経クリプトコッカス症、 皮膚クリプトコッカス症、 全身性クリプトコッカス症 |
墨汁染色 | ( アムホテリシンB or フルコナゾール ) ± フルシトシン | |||
| 不完全菌 | Trichosporon asahii | トリコスポロン症 | 仮性菌糸 | 分節分生子 | |||||||||
| 子嚢菌 | Aspergillus fumigatus/ 'Aspergillus flavus |
アスペルギルス症 | 糸状菌 不完全菌 |
有隔菌糸 | 土壌や朽ちた植物、空気中の浮遊胞子 | ||||||||
| Mucor/'Rhizopus/ Absidia/Rhizomucor |
ムコール症 | 無隔菌糸 | 血管に親和性 | 土壌や朽ちた植物、空気中の浮遊胞子 → 浮遊胞子の吸入 |
鼻眼脳型ムコール症 侵襲性肺ムコール症 全身播種型ムコール症 |
β-D-グルカン陰性。 喀痰、血培陰性 |
アムホテリシンB | ||||||
| 子嚢菌 | Pneumocystis jirovecii ('Pneumocystis carini) |
ニューモシスチス・カリニ感染症 | |||||||||||
| 子嚢菌 | Histoplasma capsulatum | ヒストプラスマ症 | 二形性真菌 37℃酵母型発育 25℃菌糸形成 |
空気感染。肺に一次病変を作り様々な臓器に播種 | AIDS患者に好発 | ||||||||
| 不完全菌 | Coccidioides immitis | コクシジオイデス症 | 二形性真菌 | 内生胞子 | |||||||||
| 不完全菌 | Sporothrix schenckii | スポロトリクス症 | 二形性真菌 |
子のう菌・担子菌には、単細胞で生活する酵母の形を取るものと、菌糸体を発達させるものがある。不完全菌にも、それに対応して、不完全酵母類・不完全糸状菌類がある。不完全酵母は出芽や分裂によって増殖する。