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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/07 02:57:07」(JST)

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For other uses, see Holdfast (disambiguation).

A seaweed anchored to a stone.

Eocrinoid holdfasts on an Ordovician hardground in Utah.

A holdfast is a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate. 

Holdfasts vary in shape and form depending on both the species and the substrate type. The holdfasts of organisms that live in muddy substrates often have complex tangles of root-like growths. Those of organisms that live in sandy substrates are bulb-like and very flexible, such as the holdfast of sea pens, thus permitting the organism to pull the entire body into the substrate when the holdfast is contracted. The holdfasts of organisms that live on smooth surfaces (such as the surface of a boulder) have the flattened base of the holdfast literally glued to the surface. The organism derives no nutrition from this intimate contact with the substrate, as the process of liberating nutrients from the substrate requires enzymatically eroding the substrate away, thereby increasing the risk of organism falling off of the substrate.

References

English Journal

• Influence of Illumination on Settlement of Diatom Navicula sp.

• Cao S, Wang J, Chen D.SourceState Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
• Microbial ecology.Microb Ecol.2011 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]
• Diatoms are responsible for biofouling, which causes many problems in various marine industries. This study examined the effects of different light conditions (intensity, incident direction, time of illumination) on the settling behavior of the marine diatom Navicula sp. on glass surfaces. The densi
• PMID 21701871

• Advances in tagging syngnathids, with the effects of dummy tags on behaviour of Hippocampus guttulatus.

• Caldwell IR, Correia M, Palma J, Vincent AC.SourceProject Seahorse, Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, FCMA, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
• Journal of fish biology.J Fish Biol.2011 Jun;78(6):1769-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02983.x. Epub 2011 Apr 26.
• Artificial marking and tagging techniques have been used to study movement, population dynamics, behaviour, ecology, survival and growth of at least 25 syngnathid species. External necklace-style tags and injection of visible implant elastomer have been the most used techniques, uniquely identifying
• PMID 21651527

Japanese Journal

• Verb tenses and modes in George Herbert's "The crosse", "Affliction (1)", "The collar", and "The holdfast"

• 李 絳
• 人文研紀要 (70), 119-155, 2010
• NAID 40017338147

• 岩手県越喜来湾における褐藻ヒジキの多回収穫型養殖

• 難波 信由,佐藤 新,小河 久朗,加戸 隆介
• Sessile organisms 25(1), 17-23, 2008-02-29
• NAID 10021215881

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• HOLD FAST - WELCOME

We founded Hold Fast because we couldn't find any toe clips that could stand up to the rigors of fixed gear freestyle riding. After breaking countless clips and straps, we decided to design and make some ourselves.

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