WordNet
- a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by 100 zeros (ten raised to the power of a hundred)
- a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by a googol of zeros (ten raised to the power of a googol)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/07/24 19:24:22」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Not to be confused with Google.
A googol is the large number 10100; that is, the digit 1 followed by 100 zeroes:
- 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
The term was coined in 1938[1] by 9-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner. Kasner popularized the concept in his 1940 book Mathematics and the Imagination. Other names for googol include ten duotrigintillion on the short scale, ten thousand sexdecillion on the long scale, or ten sexdecilliard on the Peletier long scale.
A googol has no particular significance in mathematics, but is useful when comparing with other very large quantities such as the number of subatomic particles in the visible universe or the number of hypothetical possibilities in a chess game. Edward Kasner used it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity, and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics. To give a sense of how big a googol really is, the mass of an electron, just under 1×10-30 kg, can be compared to the mass of the visible universe, estimated at between 1×1050kg and 1×1060 kg.[2] It is a ratio in the order of about 1080 to 1090, still much smaller than the value of a googol.
A googol is approximately 70! (factorial of 70). In the binary numeral system, one would need 333 bits to represent a googol, i.e., 1 googol ≈ 2332.19281, or exactly .
Widespread sounding of the word occurs through its namesake of the famous internet company Google, with the name "Google" being a more pronounceable misspelling of "googol" by the company's founders,[3] which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[4]
The word is notable for being the subject of the £1 million question in a 2001 episode of the British quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, when contestant Charles Ingram cheated his way through the show with the help of an accomplice.
See also
- Googolplex
- Infinity
- Names of large numbers
- Only a Trillion
References
- ^ Kasner, Edward and Newman, James R. (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon and Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-486-41703-4.
- ^ Elert, Glenn et al. "Mass of the Universe".
- ^ QI: Quite Interesting facts about 100, telegraph.co.uk
- ^ "Google! Beta website". Google, Inc. Archived from the original on February 2, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
External links
- Weisstein, Eric W., "Googol", MathWorld.
- googol at PlanetMath.org.
- Padilla, Tony; Symonds, Ria. "Googol and Googolplex". Numberphile. Brady Haran.
Large numbers
|
|
Examples in numerical order |
- Million
- Billion
- Trillion
- Quadrillion
- Googol
- Centillion
- Googolplex
- Skewes' number
- Googolplexplex
- Moser's number
- Graham's number
- Rayo's number
- Transfinite numbers
- Infinity
|
|
Expression methods |
Notations |
- Knuth's up-arrow notation
- Conway chained arrow notation
- Steinhaus–Moser notation
|
|
Operators |
- Hyper operators
- Ackermann function
|
|
|
Related articles |
- Number systems
- Number names
- Orders of magnitude
- List of numbers
- Indefinite and fictitious numbers
- Extended real number line
- Power of 2
- Powers of 10
- Long and short scales
|
|
|
|
English Journal
- IMU-Based Online Kinematic Calibration of Robot Manipulator.
- Du G, Zhang P.Author information School of Computer Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.AbstractRobot calibration is a useful diagnostic method for improving the positioning accuracy in robot production and maintenance. An online robot self-calibration method based on inertial measurement unit (IMU) is presented in this paper. The method requires that the IMU is rigidly attached to the robot manipulator, which makes it possible to obtain the orientation of the manipulator with the orientation of the IMU in real time. This paper proposed an efficient approach which incorporates Factored Quaternion Algorithm (FQA) and Kalman Filter (KF) to estimate the orientation of the IMU. Then, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to estimate kinematic parameter errors. Using this proposed orientation estimation method will result in improved reliability and accuracy in determining the orientation of the manipulator. Compared with the existing vision-based self-calibration methods, the great advantage of this method is that it does not need the complex steps, such as camera calibration, images capture, and corner detection, which make the robot calibration procedure more autonomous in a dynamic manufacturing environment. Experimental studies on a GOOGOL GRB3016 robot show that this method has better accuracy, convenience, and effectiveness than vision-based methods.
- TheScientificWorldJournal.ScientificWorldJournal.2013 Nov 5;2013:139738. doi: 10.1155/2013/139738.
- Robot calibration is a useful diagnostic method for improving the positioning accuracy in robot production and maintenance. An online robot self-calibration method based on inertial measurement unit (IMU) is presented in this paper. The method requires that the IMU is rigidly attached to the robot m
- PMID 24302854
- You're one in a googol: optimizing genes for protein expression.
- Welch M, Villalobos A, Gustafsson C, Minshull J.Author information DNA 2.0, Inc., 1430 O'Brien Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.AbstractA vast number of different nucleic acid sequences can all be translated by the genetic code into the same amino acid sequence. These sequences are not all equally useful however; the exact sequence chosen can have profound effects on the expression of the encoded protein. Despite the importance of protein-coding sequences, there has been little systematic study to identify parameters that affect expression. This is probably because protein expression has largely been tackled on an ad hoc basis in many independent projects: once a sequence has been obtained that yields adequate expression for that project, there is little incentive to continue work on the problem. Synthetic biology may now provide the impetus to transform protein expression folklore into design principles, so that DNA sequences may easily be designed to express any protein in any system. In this review, we offer a brief survey of the literature, outline the major challenges in interpreting existing data and constructing robust design algorithms, and propose a way to proceed towards the goal of rational sequence engineering.
- Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society.J R Soc Interface.2009 Aug 6;6 Suppl 4:S467-76. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0520.focus. Epub 2009 Mar 11.
- A vast number of different nucleic acid sequences can all be translated by the genetic code into the same amino acid sequence. These sequences are not all equally useful however; the exact sequence chosen can have profound effects on the expression of the encoded protein. Despite the importance of p
- PMID 19324676
Japanese Journal
- How to Estimate the Number of Self-Avoiding Walks over 10^100? Use Random Walks (<Special Issue>The 4th Young Scientist Meeting on Statistical Physics and Information Processing in Sendai)
- A solution to the game of Googol
Related Pictures