feud

WordNet

carry out a feud; "The two professors have been feuding for years"
a bitter quarrel between two parties
owing feudal allegiance to or being subject to a sovereign; "it remained feudatory to India until 1365"
of or pertaining to the relation of a feudal vassal to his lord; "a feudatory relationship"
of or relating to or characteristic of feudalism (同)feudalistic
bring (a country or people) under feudalism

PrepTutorEJDIC

(長く続く)不和,反目 / (2家族間で)反目する
領地,封土
(封建時代の)家臣,領地 / 封建の;家臣として仕える
『封建[制度]の』,封建時代 / 領地の,封土の / 《話》(対人関係・行動などが)封建的な
封建制度の,封建的な
封建制度

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/20 12:45:05」(JST)

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A feud /ˈfjuːd/, referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, beef, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans. Feuds begin because one party (correctly or incorrectly) perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted or wronged by another. Intense feelings of resentment trigger the initial retribution, which causes the other party to feel equally aggrieved and vengeful. The dispute is subsequently fuelled by a long-running cycle of retaliatory violence. This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation makes it extremely difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds frequently involve the original parties' family members and/or associates, can last for generations, and may result in extreme acts of violence. They can be interpreted as an extreme outgrowth of social relations based in family honor.

Until the early modern period, feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments^[1] and were regulated to some degree. For example, Serb culture calls this krvna osveta, meaning "blood revenge", which had unspoken but highly valued rules.^[2] In tribal societies, the blood feud, coupled with the practice of blood wealth, functioned as an effective form of social control for limiting and ending conflicts between individuals and groups who are related by kinship, as described by anthropologist Max Gluckman in his article "The Peace in the Feud"^[3] in 1955.

Blood feuds

A blood feud is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or dishonored seeking vengeance by killing or otherwise physically punishing the culprits or their relatives. In the Anglosphere, the Italian word vendetta is used to mean a blood feud, but in reality it means (personal) "vengeance" or "revenge", originating from the Latin vindicta (vengeance), while the word faida would be more appropriate for a blood feud. In the Anglosphere, "vendetta" is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed. Sometimes, it is not mutual, but rather refers to a prolonged series of hostile acts waged by one person against another without reciprocation.^[4]

History

Blood feuds were common in societies with a weak rule of law (or where the state does not consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute), where family and kinship ties are the main source of authority. An entire family is considered responsible for whatever any one of them has done. Sometimes two separate branches of the same family have even come to blows, or worse, over some dispute.

Ponte dei Pugni ("Bridge of Fists") in Venice was used by rival clans to stage fist fights

The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where law enforcement and criminal law take responsibility for punishing lawbreakers.

In Homeric ancient Greece, the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers was considered natural and customary: "Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vengeance... Feud is a war, just as war is an indefinite series of revenges; and such acts of vengeance are sanctioned by the gods".^[5]

In the ancient Hebraic context, it was considered the duty of the individual and family to avenge evil on behalf of God. The executor of the law of blood-revenge who personally put the initial killer to death was given a special designation: go'el haddam, the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer (Book of Numbers 35: 19, etc.). Six Cities of Refuge were established to provide protection and due process for any unintentional manslayers. The avenger was forbidden from harming the unintentional killer if the killer took refuge in one of these cities. As the Oxford Companion to the Bible states: "Since life was viewed as sacred (Genesis 9.6), no amount of blood money could be given as recompense for the loss of the life of an innocent person; it had to be 'life for life' (Exodus 21.23; Deuteronomy 19.21)".^[6]

According to historian Marc Bloch:

The Middle Ages, from beginning to end, and particularly the feudal era, lived under the sign of private vengeance. The onus, of course, lay above all on the wronged individual; vengeance was imposed on him as the most sacred of duties ... The solitary individual, however, could do but little. Moreover, it was most commonly a death that had to be avenged. In this case the family group went into action and the faide (feud) came into being, to use the old Germanic word which spread little by little through the whole of Europe — 'the vengeance of the kinsmen which we call faida', as a German canonist expressed it. No moral obligation seemed more sacred than this ... The whole kindred, therefore, placed as a rule under the command of a chieftain, took up arms to punish the murder of one of its members or merely a wrong that he had suffered.^[7]

A kasbah in the Dades valley, High Atlas. Historically, tribal feuding and banditry were a way of life for the Berbers of Morocco.^{[citation needed]} As a result, hundreds of ancient kasbahs were built.

Rita of Cascia, a popular 15th-century Italian saint, was canonized by the Catholic Church due mainly to her great effort to end a feud in which her family was involved and which claimed the life of her husband.

The blood feud has certain similarities to the ritualized warfare found in many pre-industrial tribes. Thus, for instance, more than a third of Ya̧nomamö males, on average, died from warfare. The accounts of missionaries to the area have recounted constant infighting in the tribes for women or prestige, and evidence of continuous warfare for the enslavement of neighboring tribes such as the Macu before the arrival of European settlers and government.^[8]

In Japan's feudal past, the samurai class upheld the honor of their family, clan, and their lord by katakiuchi (敵討ち), or revenge killings. These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. While some vendettas were punished by the government, such as that of the Forty-seven Ronin, others were given official permission with specific targets.

At the Holy Roman Empire's Reichstag at Worms in 1495 AD, the right of waging feuds was abolished. The Imperial Reform proclaimed an "eternal public peace" (Ewiger Landfriede) to put an end to the abounding feuds and the anarchy of the robber barons, and it defined a new standing imperial army to enforce that peace. However, it took a few more decades until the new regulation was universally accepted.^{[citation needed]} In 1506, for example, knight Jan Kopidlansky killed a family rival in Prague, and the town councillors sentenced him to death and had him executed. His brother, Jiri Kopidlansky, revenged Jan by continuing atrocities.^{[citation needed]} Another case was the Nuremberg-Schott feud, in which Maximilian was forced to step in to halt the damages done by robber knight Schott.

In Greece, the custom of blood feud is found in several parts of the country, for instance in Crete and Mani. Throughout history, the Maniots have been regarded by their neighbors and their enemies as fearless warriors who practice blood feuds, known in the Maniot dialect of Greek as "Γδικιωμός" (Gdikiomos). Many vendettas went on for months, some for years. The families involved would lock themselves in their towers and, when they got the chance, would murder members of the opposing family. The Maniot vendetta is considered the most vicious and ruthless;^{[citation needed]} it has led to entire family lines being wiped out. The last vendetta on record required the Greek Army with artillery support to force it to a stop. Regardless of this, the Maniot Greeks still practice vendettas even today. Maniots in America, Australia, Canada and Corsica still have on-going vendettas which have led to the creation of Mafia families known as "Γδικιωμέοι" (Gdikiomeoi).^[9]^{[not in citation given]}

Vatheia, a typical Maniot village famous for its towers

In Corsica, vendetta was a social code that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. Between 1821 and 1852, no less than 4,300 murders were perpetrated in Corsica.^[10]

Blood feuds are also present in the island of Sardinia, especially the interior rural areas, where the feud is called in the native language disamistade (lit. "compromised friendship").

In the Late Middle Ages, the Basque Country was ravaged by the War of the Bands, bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In Navarre, these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the Agramont and Beaumont parties. In Biscay, the two major warring factions were named Oinaz and Gamboa. (Cf. the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy). High defensive structures ("towers") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fires, and sometimes by royal decree.

Leontiy Lyulye, an expert on conditions in the Caucasus, wrote in the mid-19th century: "Among the mountain people the blood feud is not an uncontrollable permanent feeling such as the vendetta is among the Corsicans. It is more like an obligation imposed by the public opinion." In the Dagestani aul of Kadar, one such blood feud between two antagonistic clans lasted for nearly 260 years, from the 17th century till the 1860s.^[11]

The defensive towers built by feuding clans of Svaneti, in the Caucasus mountains

The Celtic phenomenon of the blood feud demanded "an eye for an eye," and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between clans might last for generations in Scotland and Ireland.

Due to the Celtic heritage of many people living in Appalachia, a series of prolonged violent engagements in late nineteenth-century Kentucky and West Virginia were referred to commonly as feuds, a tendency that was partly due to the nineteenth-century popularity of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott, both of whom had written semihistorical accounts of blood feuds. These incidents, the most famous of which was the Hatfield–McCoy feud, were regularly featured in the newspapers of the eastern U.S. between the Reconstruction Era and the early twentieth century, and are seen by some as linked to a Southern culture of honor with its roots in the Scots-Irish forebears of the residents of the area.^[12] Another prominent example is the Regulator–Moderator War, which took place between rival factions in the Republic of Texas. It is sometimes considered the largest blood feud in American history.^[13]

An alternative to feud was blood money (or weregild in the Norse culture), which demanded payment of some kind from those responsible for a wrongful death, even an accidental one. If these payments were not made, or were refused by the offended party, a blood feud would ensue.

Feuds in modern times

Blood feuds are still practised in some areas in:

France (especially Corsica and within Manush communities)
Ireland (especially Dublin and Limerick)
Italy (especially Sicily, Sardinia, Campania, Calabria, Apulia and other areas of Southern Italy)^[14]
Greece (Mani and Crete)^[15]^[16]
Between White or Black British working-class families (especially in the East End of London, Liverpool, Newcastle and Glasgow)^[17]^[18]
Between so-called woonwagenbewoners (ethnic Dutch people who live in mobile homes) in the Netherlands^[19]
Among Kurdish and Turkish clans in Turkey (as well as between Kurdish clans in Iraq and Iran)^[20]^[21]^[22]
Between Turkish Cypriots
Between rival clans in northern Albania and Kosovo
Between Canadian Aboriginal tribes
Among Pashtuns in Afghanistan^[23]
Among Serb tribes in Montenegro^[24]
Among Somali clans^[25]
Among the Berbers of Algeria and Morocco^[26]
Between Yoruba and Igbo clans over land in Nigeria^[27]
Between clans in India^[28] and between rival tribes in the north-east Indian state of Assam
Among Sikh clans in Punjab^[29]
Between Mirpuri clans in Azad Kashmir (as well as between Mirpuris in England)^[30]^[31]
Among rival clans in China, and especially in Fujian and Guangdong provinces^[32]^[33]
In the Philippines^[34] (especially in Mindanao between Muslim Moro and Christian Cebuano clans)^[35]
Between Burakumin clans in Japan^[36]
In the lawless Wa territories of northern Burma^{[citation needed]}
Among the Arab Bedouins and other Arab tribes inhabiting the mountains of Yemen^[37]
Between Shiites and Sunnis in Iraq^[37]
Among Palestinian clans in Gaza^[38]
Between Maronite clans,^[39] and between Shiites and Sunnis, in Lebanon
Between Mhallami clans in Lebanon^[40]
In southern Ethiopia^[41]^[42]
Among the highland tribes of New Guinea^[43]
In Svaneti, in Georgia (especially between Mingrelian clans)^[44]
In the mountainous areas of Dagestan^{[citation needed]}
Between Kyrgyz and Uzbek clans^[45]
Between Yazidi clans in Armenia and Azerbaijan^{[citation needed]}
In republics of the northern Caucasus such as Chechnya and Ingushetia^[46]
Among Chechen teips where those seeking retribution do not accept or respect the local law enforcement authority^{[citation needed]}

Blood feuds within Russian communities do exist (mostly related to criminal gangs), but are neither as common nor as pervasive as they are in the Caucasus.^{[citation needed]} In the United States, blood feuds are also not as pervasive or common, but do exist within the African-American and Chicano communities^[47] (sometimes gang-related, but not necessarily). Gang warfare also often takes the form of blood feuds. African-American, (Cambodian, Cuban Marielito, Dominican, Guatemalan, Haitian, Hmong), Sino-Vietnamese Hoa, Jamaican, Korean, Laotian, Puerto Rican, Salvadoran and Vietnamese gang fights in the United States, as well as Colombian, Mexican and Brazilian gang and paramilitary wars, Cape Coloured turf wars in South Africa, Dutch Antillean, Surinamese and Moluccan gang fights in the Netherlands, and Scottish, White British, Black and Mixed British criminal feuds in the UK, very often have taken the form of blood feuds where a family member in the gang is killed and a relative takes revenge by killing the murderer as well as other members of the rival gang. This has resulted in gun violence and murders in cities like Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Ciudad Juarez, Medellin, Rio de Janeiro, Cape Town, Amsterdam, London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, to name just a few.

Blood feuds also have a long history within the White Southern population of the U.S., where it is called the "culture of honor", and still exist to the present day.^[48]

A fortified tower used as refuge for men involved in a blood feud who are vulnerable to attack. Thethi, northern Albania.

Albania

In Albania, blood feuds are a tradition; for example, about 600 blood feuds allegedly existed against King Zog.^[49] They have returned in rural areas after more than 40 years of being abolished by Albanian communists led by Enver Hoxha, and more than 5,500 Albanian families are currently engaged in them.^{[citation needed]} There are now more than 1,600 families who live under an ever-present death sentence because of them, and since 1992, at least 5,000 Albanians have been killed in them.^[50]

A feud may develop into a vicious circle of further killings, retaliation, counterattacks, and all-out warfare that can end in the mutual extinction of both families. Often the original cause is forgotten, and feuds continue simply because it is perceived that there has always been a feud.^{[citation needed]}

Some of the gang wars between organized crime groups are effectively forms of feud, where the criminal organization (like the Mafia "family") has taken the place of blood relatives.^{[citation needed]}

Ireland

Gang feuds also exist in Dublin, Ireland and to a lesser extent in the Republic's third-largest city, Limerick. Family and gang feuds are also very common in towns across the country. Feuds can be due to personal issues, money, or disrespect, and grudges can last generations. Since 2001, over 300 people have been killed in feuds between different drugs gangs, dissident republicans, and Traveller families.^[51]^{[not in citation given]}

Philippines

Family and clan feuds, known locally as rido, are characterized by sporadic outbursts of retaliatory violence between families and kinship groups, as well as between communities. It can occur in areas where the government or a central authority is weak, as well as in areas where there is a perceived lack of justice and security. Rido is a Maranao term commonly used in Mindanao to refer to clan feuds. It is considered one of the major problems in Mindanao because, apart from numerous casualties, rido has caused destruction of property, crippled local economies, and displaced families.

Located in the southern Philippines, Mindanao is home to a majority of the country’s Muslim community, and includes the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Mindanao is a region suffering from poor infrastructure, high poverty rates, and violence that has claimed the lives of more than 100,000 people in the last four decades.^{[citation needed]} There is a widely held stereotype that the violence is perpetrated by armed groups that resort to terrorism to further their political goals, but the actual situation is far more complex. While the Muslim-Christian conflict and the state-rebel conflicts dominate popular perceptions and media attention, a survey commissioned by The Asia Foundation in 2002 — and further verified by a recent Social Weather Stations survey — revealed that citizens are more concerned about the prevalence of rido and its negative impact on their communities than the conflict between the state and rebel groups.^[52] The unfortunate interaction and subsequent confusion of rido-based violence with secessionism, communist insurgency, banditry, military involvement and other forms of armed violence shows that violence in Mindanao is more complicated than what is commonly believed.

Rido has wider implications for conflict in Mindanao, primarily because it tends to interact in unfortunate ways with separatist conflict and other forms of armed violence. Many armed confrontations in the past involving insurgent groups and the military were triggered by a local rido. The studies cited above investigated the dynamics of rido with the intention of helping design strategic interventions to address such conflicts.

Causes

The causes of rido are varied and may be further complicated by a society's concept of honor and shame, an integral aspect of the social rules that determine accepted practices in the affected communities. The triggers for conflicts range from petty offenses, such as theft and jesting, to more serious crimes, like homicide. These are further aggravated by land disputes and political rivalries, the most common causes of rido. Proliferation of firearms, lack of law enforcement and credible mediators in conflict-prone areas, and an inefficient justice system further contribute to instances of rido.

Statistics

Studies on rido have documented a total of 1,266 rido cases between the 1930s and 2005, which have killed over 5,500 people and displaced thousands. The four provinces with the highest numbers of rido incidences are: Lanao del Sur (377), Maguindanao (218), Lanao del Norte (164), and Sulu (145). Incidences in these four provinces account for 71% of the total documented cases. The findings also show a steady rise in rido conflicts in the eleven provinces surveyed from the 1980s to 2004. According to the studies, during 2002–2004, 50% (637 cases) of total rido incidences occurred, equaling about 127 new rido cases per year. Out of the total number of rido cases documented, 64% remain unresolved.^[52]

Resolution

Rido conflicts are either resolved, unresolved, or reoccurring. Although the majority of these cases remain unresolved, there have been many resolutions through different conflict-resolving bodies and mechanisms. These cases can utilize the formal procedures of the Philippine government and/or the various indigenous systems. Formal methods may involve official courts, local government officials, police, and the military. Indigenous methods to resolve conflicts usually involve elder leaders who use local knowledge, beliefs, and practices, as well as their own personal influence, to help repair and restore damaged relationships. Some cases using this approach involve the payment of blood money to resolve the conflict. Hybrid mechanisms include the collaboration of government, religious, and traditional leaders in resolving conflicts through the formation of collaborative groups. Furthermore, the institutionalization of traditional conflict resolution processes into laws and ordinances has been successful with the hybrid method approach. Other conflict-resolution methods include the establishment of ceasefires and the intervention of youth organizations.^[52]

Famous blood feuds

The Hatfield clan in 1897.

Three Kingdoms period, feuding warlords during the fall of the Han Dynasty (184-280 AD; China)
Njál's saga, an Icelandic account of a Norse blood feud (960-1020; Iceland, Ireland and Norway)
The Mackintosh-Cameron feud (1290s-1665; Scotland)
The Battle of the North Inch; the battle is fictionalised in the novel The Fair Maid of Perth by Sir Walter Scott (Michaelmas 1396; Scotland)
The Percy–Neville feud (1450s; England)
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487; England)
The Talbot–Berkeley feud (1455–1485 England) (concurrent with the Wars of the Roses)
The Gunn–Keith feud (1464-1978; Scotland)
The Campbell–MacDonald feud, including the Massacre of Glencoe (1692; Scotland)
The Clan Forbes–Clan Gordon feud, (1500s-1571; Scotland)
The Clan Forbes–Clan Leslie feud, (1520s-1530s; Scotland)
The Clan Forbes–City of Aberdeen feud, (1529-1539; Scotland)
The Regulator-Moderator War, (1839-1844, Republic of Texas)
The Donnelly–Biddulph community feud (1857–1880; Ontario, Canada)
The Lincoln County War (1878–1881; New Mexico, United States)
The Lincoln County Feud (1878-1890; West Virginia, United States)
The Hatfield-McCoy feud (1878–1891; West Virginia & Kentucky, United States)
The Clanton/McLaury–Earp feud (see also Earp Vendetta Ride), also known as the "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" (1881; Arizona, United States)
The Pleasant Valley War, also known as the "Tonto Basin Feud" (1882–1892; Arizona, United States)
The Capone–Moran feud, including the St. Valentine's Day massacre (1925–1930; Chicago, Illinois, United States)
The Castellammarese War (1929–1931; New York City, United States)
The Great Mafia War (1981–1983; Sicily, Italy)
The Feud of Scampia (2004–2005; Naples, Italy)
The Maguindanao Massacre (2009; Ampatuan, Philippines)
The Limerick feud (2000–present; Limerick, Ireland)

Notes

^ "Revenue, Lordship, Kinship & Law". Manaraefan.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
^ Boehm, Christopher (1984). Blood Revenge: The Anthropology of Feuding in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies. Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0245-3.
^ Gluckman, Max. "The Peace in the Feud". Past and Present, 1955, 8(1):1-14
^ "Definition of vendetta". Merriam-Webster dictionary online. Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Griffiths, John Gwyn (1991), The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions, BRILL, p. 90, ISBN 90-04-09231-5
^ Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993), The Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford University Press, p. 68, ISBN 0-19-504645-5
^ Marc Bloch, trans. L. A. Manyon, Feudal Society, Vol. I, 1965, p. 125-126
^ Keeley, Lawrence H. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage Oxford University Press, 1996
^ "Vendetta". Mani.org.gr. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Wanderings in Corsica: Its History and Its Heroes. (1855). p. 196. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Souleimanov, Emil Aslan (2003-05-25). "Chechen society and mentality". Prague Watchdog. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers (2008), Chapter 6, citing, for example, David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America.
^ Bowman, Bob (2006-10-15). "The Worst Feud". TexasEscapes.com. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
^ "Police search Calabrian village as murders are linked to clan feud", The Independent Archived February 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Murphy, Brian. "Vendetta Victims: People, A Village — Crete's 'Cycle Of Blood' Survives The Centuries" The Seattle Times. Retrieved 1999-01-14.
^ Tsantiropoulos, Aris (2008). "Collective Memory and Blood Feud; The Case of Mountainous Crete" (PDF). Crimes and Misdemeanours. University of Crete. ISSN 1754-0445.
^ "Men jailed for Clydebank murder following family feud". STV News. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ Warburton, Dan (2013-02-26). "Paddy Conroy on his feud with Sayers family". Evening Chronicle. ChronicleLive.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ van Dinther, Mac (1997-07-22). "Afschaffen bepleit van aparte aanpak woonwagenbewoners 'Eigen cultuur van bewoners woonwagenkampen is illusie'". De Volkskrant. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ Chivers, C. J. (2003-02-24). "Feud Between Kurdish Clans Creates Its Own War". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Schleifer, Yigal (2008-06-03). "In Turkey, a lone peacemaker ends many blood feuds". The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ "Kurdish Families — Kurdish Marriage Patterns". family.JRank.org. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
^ Sengupta, Kim (2009-12-10). "Independent Appeal: The Afghan peace mission". The Independent (London: Independent.co.uk). Retrieved 2012-07-26.
^ Veselin Konjević. "Osvetio jedinca posle 14 godina [Revenge Killing after 14 years]". Глас Jавности [Glas Javnosti]. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ "Somali feuding 'tit-for-tat'". South Africa: News24.com. 2004-01-19. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Wilkin, Anthony. (1900). Among the Berbers of Algeria. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 253.
^ "Nigeria deploys troops after 14 killed in land feud" Reuters Archived October 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "India's gangster nation". Asia Times Online. ATimes.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ "The Voice from the Rural Areas: Muslim-Sikh Relations in the British Punjab, 1940-47". Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNAorg.com). Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ Walsh, Declan; Carter, Helen; Lewis, Paul (2010-05-21). "Mother, father and daughter gunned down in cemetery on visit to Pakistan". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Thompson, Tony (2001-01-20). "Asian blood feuds spill into Britain". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Fincher, John H. (1981). Chinese Democracy: The Self-government Movement in Local, Provincial and National Politics, 1905-1914. Croom Helm. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ WuDunn, Sheryl (1993-01-17). "Clan Feuds, an Old Problem, Are Still Threatening Chinese". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Conde, Carlos H. (2007-10-26). "Clan feuds fuel separatist violence in Philippines, study shows". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ http://www.afrim.org.ph/minda-news-page.php?nid=1492
^ Andersson, René. Burakumin and Shimazaki Tōson's Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature. Lund, Sweden: Lund University. ISBN 91-628-4538-1. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ ^a ^b Raghavan, Sudarsan (2007-08-10). "In the Land of the Blood Feuds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Hass, Amira (2001-07-29). "Focus / Fierce Gunbattle in Palestinian Blood-feud Claims Nine Lives". Haaretz. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ Nassar, Farouk (1990-10-31). "Maronite power crumbles in Lebanon". New Straits Times (Google News Archive Search). Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ "Libanesische Familienclans: Mord mit Ankündigung". Die Tageszeitung. taz.de. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ "The Nyangatom". Tribe. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Blunt, Elizabeth (2007-11-24). "No guns at Ethiopian peace talks". BBC News. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Squires, Nick (2005-08-25). "Deadly twist to PNG's tribal feuds". BBC News. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Toria, Malkhaz (2011-11-25). "Theoretical justification of ethnic cleansing in modern Abkhazian historiography". ExpertClub.ge. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Harding, Luke (2010-06-26). "Uzbeks in desperate plea for aid as full horror of ethnic slaughter emerges". The Guardian. TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Vatchagaev, Mairbek (2012-11-15). "Chechen and Ingush Leaders Feud over Burial of Slain Insurgents". http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=40111&no_cache=1 Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ López, Miguel R. (2000). Chicano Timespace: The Poetry and Politics of Ricardo Sánchez. Texas A&M University Press. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ Parsons, Chuck (2013). The Sutton-Taylor Feud: The Deadliest Blood Feud in Texas. University of North Texas Press. p. 400. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Gunther, John (1936). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. p. 370. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ White, Jeffrey (2008-05-25). "Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania's blood feuds". The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ Lally, Conor (2012-03-09). "Gardaí suspect Dublin drug feud link in double killing". The Irish Times. IrishTimes.com. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c Torres, Wilfredo M. (ed) (2007). Rido: Clan Feuding and Conflict Management in Mindanao. Makati: The Asia Foundation. p. 348. ISBN 978-971-92445-2-3.

External links

BBC: "In pictures: Egypt vendetta ends" May, 2005. "One of the most enduring and bloody family feuds of modern times in Upper Egypt has ended with a tense ceremony of humiliation and forgiveness. [...] Police are edgy. After lengthy peace talks, no one knows if the penance — and a large payment of blood money — will end the vendetta which began in 1991 with a children's fight."
15 clan feuds settled in Lanao; rido tops cause of evacuation more than war, from the MindaNews website. Posted on 13 July 2007.
2 clans in Matanog settle rido, sign peace pact, from the MindaNews website. Posted on 30 January 2008.
Albania: Feuding families…bitter lives
Bedouin family feud
Blood feud in Caucasus
Blood feud in Medjugorje, 1991-1992
Blood feuds blight Albanian lives
Blood feuds tearing Gaza apart
Blood in the Streets: Subculture of Violence
Calabrian clan feud suspected in slayings
Chad: Clan Feuds Creating Tinderbox of Conflict
Children as teacher-facilitators for peace, from the Inquirer website. Posted on 29 September 2007.
Crow Creek Massacre
Family Feud in Ireland Involves 200 Rioters
Gang mayhem grips LA
Gangs clash in Nigerian oil city
Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war
Mafia feuds bring bloodshed to Naples' streets
Maratabat and the Maranaos, from the blog of Datu Jamal Ashley Yahya Abbas, "Reflections on the Bangsa Moro." Posted on 1 May 2007.
Mexico drugs cartels feud erupts
NZ authorities fear retaliatory attacks between rival gangs
Rido, from The Asia Foundation's Rido Map website.^{[dead link]}
Rido and its Influence on the Academe, NGOs and the Military, an essay from the website of the Balay Mindanaw Foundation, Inc. Posted on 28 February 2007.
'Rido' seen [as] major Mindanao security concern, from the Inquirer website. Posted on 18 November 2006.
State Attorney: Problems Posed By Haitian Gangs Growing
Thousands fear as blood feuds sweep Albania
Tribal Warfare and Blood Revenge
Tribal warfare kills nine in Indonesia's Papua
Villages in "rido" area return home, from the MindaNews website. Posted on 1 November 2007.
Violent ethnic war looms between Filipino and Vietnamese gangs
A "Yakuza War" has started in Central Tokyo

English Journal

Microalgae biofuels: A critical review of issues, problems and the way forward.

Lam MK, Lee KT.SourceSchool of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Biotechnology advances.Biotechnol Adv.2012 May-Jun;30(3):673-90. Epub 2011 Dec 6.
Culturing of microalgae as an alternative feedstock for biofuel production has received a lot of attention in recent years due to their fast growth rate and ability to accumulate high quantity of lipid and carbohydrate inside their cells for biodiesel and bioethanol production, respectively. In addi
PMID 22166620

Jules Joseph Déjerine versus Pierre Marie.

Paciaroni M, Bogousslavsky J.SourceStroke Unit and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. mpaciaroni@med.unipg.it
Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience.Front Neurol Neurosci.2011;29:162-9. Epub 2010 Oct 7.
Pierre Marie was one of Charcot's favorite pupils, and had hoped to succeed his great mentor at the Hospice de La Salpêtrière as professor of diseases of the nervous system. Charcot's friend and collaborator Alfred Vulpian was a senior physician at the Hôpital Bicêtre, a somewhat less prestigiou
PMID 20938154

[Bell and his palsy].

van Gijn J, Gijselhart JP.SourceNederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. jan@vangijn.com
Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde.Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.2011;155(18):A3127.
Unlike his eponymous fame suggests, Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) was an anatomist, draughtsman and surgeon rather than purely a physiologist. He was born and educated in Edinburgh but spent most of his working life in London (1804 to 1836). It was there he started a School of Anatomy, alongside a fl
PMID 21771360

Japanese Journal

武家華族の御家騒動 : 松平忠和と島原騒動を中心に

刑部芳則
明治維新史研究 (12), 1-15, 2014-12
NAID 40020331365

1751年の「紙の戦争」とモノ語りの増殖 : クリストファー・スマートとジョン・ヒルの確執について

内田勝
岐阜大学地域科学部研究報告 34, 1-12, 2014
NAID 110009662418

女性退所者の苦悩 : ハンセン病女性回復者たちの語りから

横瀬利枝子
生命倫理 23(1), 54-62, 2013-09-26
本稿では、国のハンセン病患者に対する強制隔離政策が続く中、社会復帰を果たした6名の女性に聞き取り調査を行い、女性退所者特有の苦悩を検討した。その結果、誤った医療政策の影響から、多くの女性は、退所後も子どもを持てないと考えており、子どもを産んだ女性も、周囲からの羨望と嫉妬に苦しんでいた。また、関係性を解体された女性たちは、今も母親との関係回復ができず、他者との関わり方に困惑していた。さらに、女性たち …
NAID 110009833366

『ロミオとジュリエット』の恋の成り行き - 悲恋物語と暴力の作用 -

鵜沢文子
東京女子体育大学・東京女子体育短期大学紀要 (48), 7-15, 2013-03-20
NAID 110009558185

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[1] "Revenue, Lordship, Kinship & Law". Manaraefan.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-26.

[2] Boehm, Christopher (1984). Blood Revenge: The Anthropology of Feuding in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies. Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0245-3.

[3] Gluckman, Max. "The Peace in the Feud". Past and Present, 1955, 8(1):1-14

[4] "Definition of vendetta". Merriam-Webster dictionary online. Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[5] Griffiths, John Gwyn (1991), The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions, BRILL, p. 90, ISBN 90-04-09231-5

[6] Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993), The Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford University Press, p. 68, ISBN 0-19-504645-5

[7] Marc Bloch, trans. L. A. Manyon, Feudal Society, Vol. I, 1965, p. 125-126

[Keeley-8] Keeley, Lawrence H. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage Oxford University Press, 1996

[9] "Vendetta". Mani.org.gr. Retrieved 2012-07-26.

[10] Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Wanderings in Corsica: Its History and Its Heroes. (1855). p. 196. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[11] Souleimanov, Emil Aslan (2003-05-25). "Chechen society and mentality". Prague Watchdog. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[12] Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers (2008), Chapter 6, citing, for example, David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America.

[13] Bowman, Bob (2006-10-15). "The Worst Feud". TexasEscapes.com. Retrieved 2012-07-26.

[14] "Police search Calabrian village as murders are linked to clan feud", The Independent Archived February 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

[15] Murphy, Brian. "Vendetta Victims: People, A Village — Crete's 'Cycle Of Blood' Survives The Centuries" The Seattle Times. Retrieved 1999-01-14.

[16] Tsantiropoulos, Aris (2008). "Collective Memory and Blood Feud; The Case of Mountainous Crete" (PDF). Crimes and Misdemeanours. University of Crete. ISSN 1754-0445.

[17] "Men jailed for Clydebank murder following family feud". STV News. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[18] Warburton, Dan (2013-02-26). "Paddy Conroy on his feud with Sayers family". Evening Chronicle. ChronicleLive.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[19] van Dinther, Mac (1997-07-22). "Afschaffen bepleit van aparte aanpak woonwagenbewoners 'Eigen cultuur van bewoners woonwagenkampen is illusie'". De Volkskrant. Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[20] Chivers, C. J. (2003-02-24). "Feud Between Kurdish Clans Creates Its Own War". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[21] Schleifer, Yigal (2008-06-03). "In Turkey, a lone peacemaker ends many blood feuds". The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[22] "Kurdish Families — Kurdish Marriage Patterns". family.JRank.org. Retrieved 2012-07-26.

[23] Sengupta, Kim (2009-12-10). "Independent Appeal: The Afghan peace mission". The Independent (London: Independent.co.uk). Retrieved 2012-07-26.

[24] Veselin Konjević. "Osvetio jedinca posle 14 godina [Revenge Killing after 14 years]". Глас Jавности [Glas Javnosti]. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[25] "Somali feuding 'tit-for-tat'". South Africa: News24.com. 2004-01-19. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[26] Wilkin, Anthony. (1900). Among the Berbers of Algeria. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 253.

[27] "Nigeria deploys troops after 14 killed in land feud" Reuters Archived October 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.

[28] "India's gangster nation". Asia Times Online. ATimes.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[29] "The Voice from the Rural Areas: Muslim-Sikh Relations in the British Punjab, 1940-47". Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNAorg.com). Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[30] Walsh, Declan; Carter, Helen; Lewis, Paul (2010-05-21). "Mother, father and daughter gunned down in cemetery on visit to Pakistan". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[31] Thompson, Tony (2001-01-20). "Asian blood feuds spill into Britain". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[32] Fincher, John H. (1981). Chinese Democracy: The Self-government Movement in Local, Provincial and National Politics, 1905-1914. Croom Helm. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

[33] WuDunn, Sheryl (1993-01-17). "Clan Feuds, an Old Problem, Are Still Threatening Chinese". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[34] Conde, Carlos H. (2007-10-26). "Clan feuds fuel separatist violence in Philippines, study shows". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[35] ttp://www.afrim.org.ph/minda-news-page.php?nid=1492

[36] Andersson, René. Burakumin and Shimazaki Tōson's Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature. Lund, Sweden: Lund University. ISBN 91-628-4538-1. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[WashingtonPost-37] Raghavan, Sudarsan (2007-08-10). "In the Land of the Blood Feuds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[38] Hass, Amira (2001-07-29). "Focus / Fierce Gunbattle in Palestinian Blood-feud Claims Nine Lives". Haaretz. Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[39] Nassar, Farouk (1990-10-31). "Maronite power crumbles in Lebanon". New Straits Times (Google News Archive Search). Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[40] "Libanesische Familienclans: Mord mit Ankündigung". Die Tageszeitung. taz.de. Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[41] "The Nyangatom". Tribe. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[42] Blunt, Elizabeth (2007-11-24). "No guns at Ethiopian peace talks". BBC News. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[43] Squires, Nick (2005-08-25). "Deadly twist to PNG's tribal feuds". BBC News. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[44] Toria, Malkhaz (2011-11-25). "Theoretical justification of ethnic cleansing in modern Abkhazian historiography". ExpertClub.ge. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[45] Harding, Luke (2010-06-26). "Uzbeks in desperate plea for aid as full horror of ethnic slaughter emerges". The Guardian. TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[46] Vatchagaev, Mairbek (2012-11-15). "Chechen and Ingush Leaders Feud over Burial of Slain Insurgents". http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=40111&no_cache=1 Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[47] López, Miguel R. (2000). Chicano Timespace: The Poetry and Politics of Ricardo Sánchez. Texas A&M University Press. Retrieved 2015-02-18.

[48] Parsons, Chuck (2013). The Sutton-Taylor Feud: The Deadliest Blood Feud in Texas. University of North Texas Press. p. 400. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[gunther1936-49] Gunther, John (1936). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. p. 370. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[50] White, Jeffrey (2008-05-25). "Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania's blood feuds". The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2015-08-29.

[51] Lally, Conor (2012-03-09). "Gardaí suspect Dublin drug feud link in double killing". The Irish Times. IrishTimes.com. Retrieved 2012-07-26.

[Torres.2C_Wilfredo_M_2007-52] Torres, Wilfredo M. (ed) (2007). Rido: Clan Feuding and Conflict Management in Mindanao. Makati: The Asia Foundation. p. 348. ISBN 978-971-92445-2-3.

v t e Cosa Nostra

Chain of command	Commission (Cupola) Family (Cosca) Boss (Capofamiglia) Underboss (Sottocapo) Consigliere (Consigliori) Caporegime (Capodecina) Soldier (Soldato) Associate

Codes and terms	Made man Mandamento Omertà Faida Pizzo Pizzino

Clans	Corleonesi Greco Motisi Inzerillo Cuntrera-Caruana

Members	List of Sicilian mafiosi List of Sicilian mafiosi by city

Meetings	Grand Hotel des Palmes Mafia meeting 1957

Wars	First Mafia War (1961–1963) Second Mafia War (1981–1983)

Massacres	Portella della Ginestra massacre (1947) Ciaculli massacre (1963) Viale Lazio massacre (1969) Via Pipitone Federico Massacre (1983) Train 904 bombing (1984) Pizzolungo bombing (1985) Capaci massacre (1992) Via D'Amelio massacre (1992) Via dei Georgofili massacre (1993)

Antimafia	Italian Antimafia Commission (members) Addiopizzo Pentito List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia

Trials	1960s Sicilian Mafia trials Maxi Trial (1980s) Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1986)

Organized crime in Italy Mafia bibliography

匿名

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案内

案内