Ezetimibe
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name |
| (3R,4S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one |
| Clinical data |
| Trade names |
Zetia |
| AHFS/Drugs.com |
monograph |
| MedlinePlus |
a603015 |
| Pregnancy cat. |
C (Au), C (U.S.) |
| Legal status |
S4 (Au), POM (UK), ℞-only (U.S.) |
| Routes |
Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data |
| Bioavailability |
35–65% |
| Protein binding |
>90% |
| Metabolism |
Intestinal wall, hepatic |
| Half-life |
19–30 hours |
| Excretion |
Renal 11%, faecal 78% |
| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
163222-33-1 Y |
| ATC code |
C10AX09 |
| PubChem |
CID 150311 |
| DrugBank |
DB00973 |
| ChemSpider |
132493 Y |
| UNII |
EOR26LQQ24 Y |
| KEGG |
D01966 Y |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:49040 Y |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL1138 Y |
| Chemical data |
| Formula |
C24H21F2NO3 |
| Mol. mass |
409.4 g·mol−1 |
SMILES
- Fc1ccc(cc1)[C@@H](O)CC[C@H]4C(=O)N(c2ccc(F)cc2)[C@@H]4c3ccc(O)cc3
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InChI
-
InChI=1S/C24H21F2NO3/c25-17-5-1-15(2-6-17)22(29)14-13-21-23(16-3-11-20(28)12-4-16)27(24(21)30)19-9-7-18(26)8-10-19/h1-12,21-23,28-29H,13-14H2/t21-,22+,23-/m1/s1 Y
Key:OLNTVTPDXPETLC-XPWALMASSA-N Y
|
| Physical data |
| Melt. point |
164–166 °C (327–331 °F) |
Y (what is this?) (verify)
|
Ezetimibe // is a drug that lowers plasma cholesterol levels. It acts by decreasing cholesterol absorption in the small intestine. It may be used alone (marketed as Zetia or Ezetrol), when other cholesterol-lowering medications are not tolerated, or together with statins (e.g., ezetimibe/simvastatin, marketed as Vytorin and Inegy) when statins alone do not control cholesterol. Ezetimibe is generally administered orally in a 10mg tablet taken once a day with or without food.
Ezetimibe decreases cholesterol levels, but has not been shown to improve outcomes in cardiovascular disease patients by decreasing atherosclerotic or vascular events compared to placebo. Ezetimibe is endorsed in the Canadian Lipid Guidelines and is considered a well-tolerated option for an add-on agent to statin, to help patients achieve their LDL (or so-called "bad cholesterol") targets. [1] Ezetimibe is the only add-on to statin therapy that has successfully shown cardiovascular benefit when combined with statin, but has not been proven to have an incremental benefit compared to statins alone. [2] Britain's NICE statement, published in 2007, endorses its use for monotherapy if statins are not tolerated or as add-on therapy.[3]
Contents
- 1 Pharmacology
- 2 Clinical use
- 2.1 Indications
- 2.2 Adverse effects
- 2.3 Dosage forms
- 2.4 Side effects
- 2.5 Efficacy
- 2.6 Pharmacokinetics
- 3 Clinical trial controversy
- 4 Chemical properties
- 5 Synthesis
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Pharmacology[edit]
Ezetimibe localises at the brush border of the small intestine, where it inhibits the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine. Specifically, it appears to bind to a critical mediator of cholesterol absorption, the Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) protein on the gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells[4] as well as in hepatocytes.[5] In addition to this direct effect, decreased cholesterol absorption leads to an upregulation of LDL-receptors on the surface of cells and an increased LDL-cholesterol uptake into cells, thus decreasing levels of LDL in the blood plasma which contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.[6]
Clinical use[edit]
Indications[edit]
Ezetimibe is indicated as an adjunct to dietary measures in the management of:
- Hypercholesterolaemia
- Homozygous sitosterolemia (phytosterolemia)[7]
On 9 June 2006, US regulators approved the use of ezetimibe in combination with fenofibrate to treat mixed hyperlipidaemia.
Adverse effects[edit]
Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of patients) associated with ezetimibe therapy include: headache and/or diarrhea (steathorrea). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of patients) include: myalgia and/or raised liver function test (ALT/AST) results. Rarely (<0.1% of patients), hypersensitivity reactions (rash, angioedema) or myopathy may occur.[7]
In 2005, the manufacturer of Ezetrol, Merck Frosst/Schering Pharmaceuticals issued a warning through Health Canada associating Ezetrol (ezetimibe) with "myalgia, rhabdomyolysis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and thrombocytopenia". Also noted were possible changes in liver function tests as described above and longer clotting times if the patient is currently on warfarin while on the cholesterol-lowering medication.[8]
Dosage forms[edit]
Ezetimibe is available as 10-mg tablets in most markets. Combination preparations ezetimibe/simvastatin and ezetimibe/atorvastatin, which combine ezetimibe with a statin, are also available.
Side effects[edit]
Side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, fatigue, myalgia; rarely arthralgia, hypersensitivity reactions (including rash, angioedema, and anaphylaxis), hepatitis; AND very rarely pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, thrombocytopenia, raised creatine kinase, myopathy, and rhabdomyolysis.[9]
Efficacy[edit]
A clinical study, results of which were presented at the 2009 annual meeting of the American Heart Association and published in the New England Journal of Medicine suggest that in combination with statins, Niaspan, a slow-release form of niacin, is more effective than ezetimibe at reducing arterial plaque buildup.[10]
Pharmacokinetics[edit]
Ezetimibe is available as 10-mg tablets; the recommended dose is one tablet once daily without regard to meals for all its approved indications. Within 4–12 hours of the oral administration of a 10-mg dose to fasting adults, the attained mean ezetimibe peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3.4–5.5 ng/ml. Following oral administration, ezetimibe is absorbed and extensively conjugated to a phenolic glucuronide (active metabolite). Mean Cmax (45–71 ng/ml) of ezetimibe-glucuronide is attained within 1–2 h. The concomitant administration of food (high-fat vs. nonfat meals) has no effect on the extent of absorption of ezetimibe. However, coadministration with a high-fat meal increases the Cmax of ezetimibe by 38%0.5. The absolute bioavailability cannot be determined, since ezetimibe is insoluble in aqueous media suitable for injection. Ezetimibe and its active metabolite are highly bound to human plasma proteins (90%).
Ezetimibe is primarily metabolized in the liver and the small intestine via glucuronide conjugation with subsequent renal and biliary excretion. Both the parent compound and its active metabolite are eliminated from plasma with a half-life of approximately 22 hours allowing for once-daily dosing. Ezetimibe lacks significant inhibitor or inducer effects on cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, which explains its limited number of drug interactions. No dose adjustment is needed in patients with renal insufficiency or mild hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh score 5–6). Due to insufficient data, the manufacturer does not recommend ezetimibe for patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7–15). In patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment, the mean AUC values for total ezetimibe are increased approximately 1.7-fold, 3– to 4-fold, and 5– to 6-fold, respectively, compared to healthy subjects
Clinical trial controversy[edit]
The ENHANCE trial of Vytorin (ezetimibe and simvastatin) was designed to show that ezetimibe could reduce the growth of fatty plaques in arteries. Instead, it reported in 2008 that ezetimibe resulted in "no change" of plaque.[11]
The ENHANCE trial was not a clinical-outcome trial, but an imaging study of the thickness of plaque in arteries. The American College of Cardiology (ACC) maintains that ezetimibe may be a reasonable option for patients who cannot tolerate a statin or cannot be controlled on a high-dose statin.[12] The primary outcome in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia is prevention of cardiovascular events, such as death from cardiovascular disease. While the ENHANCE trial did not have the power to detect significant differences in death, it measured the difference in artery thickness (in the carotid and femoral intima-media) to detect reductions in atherosclerotic plaque. At the end of two years, no significant difference was found in artery thickness between patients taking simvastatin and ezetimibe versus patients taking simvastatin alone.[13]
Since in the ENHANCE trial ezetimibe did not reduce cardiovascular events, atherosclerosis or death, despite the reduction in LDL, doctors have been trying to figure out whether it has any use. They have also concluded that reducing LDL does not always reduce atherosclerosis. Reviewers of the ENHANCE trial have raised the possibility that it did not last long enough for ezetimibe to work. Also, many patients had already been treated on statins for a long time, so their artery thickness was already lower. Perhaps if they had not used statins, ezetimibe might have had a greater effect.[14]
Results from the trial have provoked three large clinical-outcome trials.
The ARBITER 6–HALTS trial[2] enrolled patients with coronary artery disease, or an equivalent risk condition such as diabetes, who were already taking statins. They were randomized to additionally take either extended-release niacin or ezetimibe, and the primary end point was change in artery wall thickness. Both drugs reduced LDL cholesterol levels. Niacin reduced artery wall thickness, but ezetimibe paradoxically increased artery wall thickness. Patients on ezetimibe also had more major cardiovascular events. The trial was terminated early after 208 volunteers had completed the study.
The results from the other trials are expected in the next few years. Even before completion of ARBITER 6–HALTS, though, a March 30, 2008, meeting of the ACC resulted in negative press for drugs such as Zetia, as Yale University Cardiologist Harlan Krumholz and concurring colleagues called into question the efficacy of such drugs.[15] Krumholz' statements maintained that such pharmaceuticals should not be the first or even second option for prescribing doctors. Definitive conclusions of the efficacy and safety of Zetia can be made at such a time when the results of more substantial and comprehensive trials are released. In 2011 the SHARP trial, which compared (only) the combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe to a placebo in 9,000 patients with chronical kidney disease, showed a reduction in vascular events with the combination drug, but an increase in all cause mortality due to increased non-vascular deaths and deaths of unknown causes outweighing reduced vascular deaths in this patient group.[16][non-primary source needed] The IMPROVE-IT trial, which compares the combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe to simvastatine alone in 18,000 patients, is estimated to complete in 2014.[17]
Results of the Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Aortic Stenosis trial[18] showed a potential increase in cancer in association with the use of these drugs together.[19] The actual significance has yet to be determined.
Trials of ezetimibe in combination with simvastatin have proven more favourable than those for ezetimibe alone, however. A 2010 study found this combination was more effective at lowering lipid levels than alternative agents rosuvastatin and atorvastatin.[20]
Chemical properties[edit]
Ezetimibe is highly soluble in alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, etc.) and insoluble in water.
Degradation behaviour: HPLC studies on ezetimibe under different stress conditions suggested the following degradation behaviour.
- Acidic condition: The drug gradually decreased with time on heating at 80 °C in 1 M HCl by forming degradation products. The rate of hydrolysis in acid was slower as compared to that of alkali or water.
- Neutral (water) condition: Upon heating, the drug solution in water at 80°C for 1 h, almost complete degradation of the drug was observed.
- In alkali: The drug was found to be highly labile to alkaline hydrolysis. The reaction in 0.1 M NaOH at 80°C was so fast, all of the drug was degraded in 0 min. Subsequently, studies were performed in 0.01 M NaOH at 40°C and complete degradation of the drug was observed in 4 h.
- Oxidative conditions: The drug was stable to hydrogen peroxide (3 and 20%) at room temperature.
- Photolytic conditions: No major degradation product was observed after exposure of drug solution in 1 M HCl to sunlight for 2 d, only minor degradation products were formed. The nature of degradation in light and dark was found to be similar, indicating that light had no effect on the degradation of the drug in acid. On the other hand, the samples in water degraded under sunlight for 2 d. Corresponding rate of degradation in dark was much slower.
- Solid-state study: The solid-state studies showed ezetimibe was stable to the effect of temperature. When the drug powder was exposed to dry heat at 50°C for 45 d and at 60°C for 7 d, no decomposition of the drug was seen.
Synthesis[edit]
The key to the construction of this compound involves formation of an azetidone. Imine formation between p-benzyloxybenzaldehyde and p-fluoroaniline provides one of the required reactants. This compound is then treated with the depicted acid chloride in the presence of triethylamine. In all likelihood, this first dehydrohalogenates under reaction conditions to form the substituted ketene. The transient intermediate reacts with the imine in a 2 + 2 cycloaddition to afford a four-membered ring. The reaction proceeds to give the trans isomer almost exclusively. The ester group is then hydrolyzed by means of lithium hydroxide. Condensation with the zinc reagent formed in situ from p-fluoromagnesium bromide and zinc chloride affords the ketone. The carbonyl group is then reduced with diborane to afford the alcohol. Removal of the benzyl protecting group by hydrogenolysis over palladium finally affords ezetimibe.
Vaccaro, W; Sher, Rosy; Davis, Harry R (1998). "Carboxy-substituted 2-azetidinones as cholesterol absorption inhibitors". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 8 (3): 319–22. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(98)00009-2. PMID 9871677.
See also[edit]
- Ezetimibe/simvastatin
- Statin
- Niacin
References[edit]
- ^ Mitka M (May 2008). "Cholesterol drug controversy continues". JAMA 299 (19): 2266. doi:10.1001/jama.299.19.2266. PMID 18492963.
- ^ a b Taylor A.J., Villnes T.C., Stanek E.J., et al. (26 November 2009). "Extended-Release Niacin or Ezetimibe and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness". N Engl J Med 361 (22): 2113–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0907569. PMID 19915217.
- ^ http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA132
- ^ Garcia-Calvo M, Lisnock J, Bull HG, Hawes BE, Burnett DA, Braun MP, et al. The target of ezetimibe is Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102(23):8132-7. PMID 15928087
- ^ Temel, Ryan E., Tang, Weiqing, Ma, Yinyan, Rudel, Lawrence L., Willingham, Mark C., Ioannou, Yiannis A., Davies, Joanna P., Nilsson, Lisa-Mari, Yu, Liqing. Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 regulates biliary cholesterol concentration and is a target of ezetimibe J. Clin. Invest. 2007 0: JCI30060
- ^ DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Marzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, editors. Pharmacotherapy:a pathophysiologic approach. 7th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2008.
- ^ a b Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3
- ^ http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/advisories-avis/public/_2005/ezetrol_pa-ap-eng.php
- ^ http://www.bnf.org/bnf/bnf/current/128035.htm?q="ezetimibe"#_hit
- ^ Singer, Natasha (November 15, 2009). "Study Raises Questions About Cholesterol Drug's Benefit". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
- ^ Berenson, A (2008-01-14). "Drug Has No Benefit in Trial, Makers Say". NY Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "ACC Statement on ENHANCE Trial". ACC. 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
- ^ Kastelein JJP, Akdim F, Stroes ESG, Zwinderman AH, Bots ML, Stalenhoef AFH, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. The New England Journal of Medicine: 2008; 358(14) 1431-1443.
- ^ Brown BG, Taylor AJ. Does ENHANCE diminish confidence in lowering LDL or in ezetimibe? New England Journal of Medicine: 2005; 358: 1504-1547.
- ^ Carey, J (2008-03-31). "A Weak Prognosis for Vytorin and Zetia". Business Week. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
- ^ "Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP)". Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "IMPROVE-IT: Examining Outcomes in Subjects With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Vytorin (Ezetimibe/Simvastatin) vs Simvastatin (P04103 AM5)". Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00092677 [ClinicalTrials.gov])
- ^ (www.nejm.org September 2, 2008 (10.1056/NEJMe0807200).
- ^ http://www.pjonline.com/news/ezetimibe_and_simvastatin_combination_therapy_more_effective_than_atorvastatin_and_rosuvastati
External links[edit]
- Zetia
- U.S. Prescribing Information
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Ezetimibe
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Merck & Co., Inc.
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Lipid modifying agents (C10)
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| GI tract |
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Cholesterol absorption inhibitors, NPC1L1
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Bile acid sequestrants/resins (LDL)
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- Cholestyramine
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| Liver |
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Statins (HMG-CoA reductase, LDL)
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- Simvastatin#
- Atorvastatin
- Fluvastatin
- Lovastatin
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- Cerivastatin‡
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Niacin and derivatives (HDL and LDL)
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- Niceritrol
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CETP inhibitors (HDL)
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- Anacetrapib†
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| Combinations |
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mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
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k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
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