WordNet
- someone who marries one person while already legally married to another
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- 重婚者
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/03/01 11:45:05」(JST)
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Elkanah and his two wives
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In cultures that practice marital monogamy, bigamy is the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another.[1] Bigamy is a crime in most western countries, and when it occurs in this context often neither the first nor second spouse is aware of the other.[2][3] In countries that have bigamy laws, consent from a prior spouse makes no difference to the legality of the second marriage, which is usually considered void.
Contents
- 1 History of anti-bigamy laws
- 2 Legal situation
- 3 See also
- 4 References
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History of anti-bigamy laws
Before Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the reign of the Emperor Constantine I, Diocletian and Maximian passed strict anti-polygamy laws in 285 that mandated monogamy as the only form of legal marital relationship, as had traditionally been the case in classical Greece and Rome themselves[citation needed]. In 393, the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius issued an imperial edict to extend the ban on polygamy to Jewish communities. In 1000, Rabbi Gershom ben Judah ruled polygamy inadmissible within Jewish communities.
According to feminist historian Sarah McDougall, the origin of Christian European insistence on monogamy, and insistence on its enforcement, arose as a consequence of 16th century Islamic incursions into Central Europe and the advent of European colonialism within the Americas, Africa and Asia, which exposed European Christians to cultures that practised polygamy. As a consequence, nominal Christian male bigamists were subjected to unprecedented harsh punishments, such as execution, galley servitude, exile and prolonged imprisonment as a result of their actions. McDougall argues that female bigamists were not as harshly punished due to concepts of female 'inferiority' and the 'absence' of female moral agency.[4]
Legal situation
Main article: Legal status of polygamy
Most western countries do not recognize polygamous marriages, and consider bigamy a crime. Several countries also prohibit people from living a polygamous lifestyle. This is the case in some states of the United States where the criminalization of a polygamous lifestyle originated as anti-Mormon laws, although they are rarely enforced.[5]
In diplomatic law, consular spouses from polygamous countries are sometimes exempt from a general prohibition on polygamy in host countries. In some such countries, only one spouse of a polygamous diplomat may be accredited, however.[6]
By country
- Australia: Illegal. Up to 5 years imprisonment.[7]
- Belgium: Illegal. 5 to 10 years imprisonment.[8]
- Brazil: Illegal. 2 to 6 years imprisonment. [9]
- Canada: Illegal under the Criminal Code, sect 293.[10]
- China: Illegal (but tolerated for some minorities, such as Tibetans, in some rural areas in the South West) .
- Colombia Illegal with exceptions (such as religion). Although bigamy no longer exists as a lone figure in the Colombian judicial code marrying someone new without dissolving an earlier marriage may yield to other felonies such as civil status forgery or suppression of information.[11]
- Egypt: Legal if first wife consents
- Eritrea: Illegal. Up to 5 years imprisonment.
- All the 27 countries of the European Union (see special note for the United Kingdom): Illegal.
- Iceland: Illegal according to the Icelandic Act on Marriage No. 31/1993, Art. 11.[12]
- Ghana: Illegal. Up to six months imprisonment.
- Republic of Ireland: Bigamy is a statutory offence. It is committed by a person who, being married to another person, goes through a ceremony capable of producing a valid marriage with a third person. The offence is created by section 57 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861.[13] This section replaces section 26 of the Act 10 Geo. 4 c. 34 for the Republic of Ireland.[14]
- Israel: Illegal. Up to 5 years imprisonment.[15]
- Iran: Legal with consent of first wife, rarely practiced.
- India: Legal only for Muslims. Up 10 years of imprisonment for others.
- Libya: Illegal. Possible 5 years of imprisonment
- Malaysia: Permitted for Muslims; required to obtain judicial consent, show financial capability, and several strict conditions. Some variation in law between states (family law relating to non-Muslims is under federal jurisdiction).[16]
- Maldives: Permitted for anyone.
- Malta: Illegal under the Marriage Act of 1975, section 6.
- Netherlands: Illegal. Up to 6 years imprisonment. If the new partner is aware of the bigamy he or she can be imprisoned for a maximum of 4 years.
- New Zealand: Illegal under section 205 of the Crimes Act 1961. Up to 15 years imprisonment.
- Morocco: Permitted for Muslims, restrictions apply.
- Pakistan: Polygamy in Pakistan is permitted with restrictions.
- Saudi Arabia: Bigamy or Polygamy is legal.
- South Africa: Legalized for indigenous, black traditionalists by the Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998.
- Somalia: Polygamy is legal at marriage courts; long standing tradition.
- Tunisia: Illegal. Up to 5 years imprisonment
- Turkey: Illegal. Up to 5 years imprisonment
- United Kingdom: Illegal, although marriages performed abroad may be recognised for some legal purposes (see Polygamy in the United Kingdom).
- In the United Kingdom a person guilty of bigamy is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years,[17] or on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the prescribed sum, or to both.[18]
- United States: Illegal in every state. Penalty up to 5 years. (but see Polygamy in North America)
- In the United States, the Model Penal Code (section 230.1) defines bigamy as a misdemeanor and polygamy as a felony. Having more than one spouse at the same time gets classified as polygamy, and bumped to a felony, if it is done "in purported exercise of a plural marriage..." According to Joel Feinberg in Moral Limits of the Criminal Law: "Righteously, flaunting one's illicit relationships, according to the Code, is apparently a morally aggravating circumstance, more punishable than its clandestine and deceptive counterpart."[19]
See also
- Forms of nonmonogamy
- Hypergamy
- Polyamory
- Triad (relationship)
- Conflict of marriage laws#Polygamy
- Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse#Bigamous Marriage
References
- ^ Merriam Webster:Bigamy
- ^ George Monger (2004). Marriage customs of the world: from henna to honeymoons. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 1-57607-987-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C&pg=PA31&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ "Sex Offenses: Consensual - Bigamy". Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. http://law.jrank.org/pages/2102/Sex-Offenses-Consensual-Bigamy.html. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
- ^ Sarah McDougall: Bigamy and Christian Identity in Late Medieval Champagne: Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press: 2012
- ^ Turley, Jonathan (3 October 2004). "Polygamy laws expose our own hypocrisy". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/2004-10-03-turley_x.htm. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). International law (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 684. ISBN 0-521-82473-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=cc3XzkFt-IUC&pg=PA684#PPA684,M1.
- ^ Marriage Act 1961, sect 94.
- ^ "strafwetboek" article 391
- ^ Penal code of Brazil, Art. 235
- ^ "CBC News in Depth: Polygamy". CBC.ca. 2008-04-25. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/polygamy/. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
- ^ Redactora, Myriam Amparo Ramírez (24 February 2001). "La Bigamia" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-604578. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ "Icelandic Act on Marriage No. 31/1993". Icelandic Ministry of Justice. 2008-01-09. http://eng.domsmalaraduneyti.is/laws-and-regulations/nr/112/. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
- ^ This list of repeals and amendments in the Republic of Ireland from the Irish Statute Book confirms that it remains in force.
- ^ Davis, James Edward (1861). The Criminal Law Consolidation Statutes of the 24 & 25 of Victoria. Butterworths. pp. 276 and 277. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMw0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA277#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
- ^ Penal Law Amendment (Bigamy) Law, 5719 (1959). This applies to members of each confessional community, including the Jewish and Muslim. The English Law of Bigamy in a Multi-Confessional Society: The Israel Experience by P Shifman.
- ^ "Malaysia". Islamic Family Law. Emory Law School. http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/malaysia.htm. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ^ The Offences against the Person Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c.100), section 57; the Criminal Justice Act 1948 (11 & 12 Geo.6 c.58), section 1(1)
- ^ The Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (c.43), section 32(1)
- ^ Feinberg, Joel (1986), Harm to Self (Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Vol 3), Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 266, 402, ISBN 978-0-19-505923-6, http://books.google.com/books?id=MzHMuCE2JDAC&pg=PA266&dq=Harm+to+Self,+Bigamy,+polygamy#PPA266,M1
Close plural relationships
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By type |
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History and Culture |
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Terms |
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English Journal
- Bierer J.AbstractA BIGAMIST is a man who is "legally" married to two women. A "TRIGAMIST" (according to my definition) is a PERSON who is "married" (in the sense of being deeply attached) three times over to such an extent that there is little or no room left for a "permanent" commitment. The three "marriages" are to: a) a parent b) an occupation c) an ideal figure which exists only in the mind of the beholder. Parts of this syndrome have been described separately in scientific and literary form innumerable times but the syndrome as a WHOLE has never been recognised or described in spite of the fact that it is responsible for influencing millions of human relationships and destroying the life of countless people.
- The International journal of social psychiatry.Int J Soc Psychiatry.1980;26(4):242-5.
- A BIGAMIST is a man who is "legally" married to two women. A "TRIGAMIST" (according to my definition) is a PERSON who is "married" (in the sense of being deeply attached) three times over to such an extent that there is little or no room left for a "permanent" commitment. The three "marriages" are t
- PMID 7451053
Related Links
- bigamistとは。意味や和訳。[名]重婚者. ⇒big・a・my - goo英和辞書は14万項目以上を収録し、発音、音声、慣用句、例文が分かる英和辞書です。
- Bigamist definition, a person who commits bigamy. See more. Thesaurus Translator Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out Log In follow Dictionary.com Dictionary Thesaurus More...
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