出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/09/16 07:22:04」(JST)
RF、Rf、アールエフは、
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Radio frequency (RF): any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that lie in the range extending from around 7003300000000000000♠3 kHz to 7011300000000000000♠300 GHz, which include those frequencies used for communications or radar signals.[1] RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations. However, mechanical RF systems do exist (see mechanical filter and RF MEMS).
Although radio frequency is a rate of oscillation, the term "radio frequency" or its abbreviation "RF" are used as a synonym for radio – i.e., to describe the use of wireless communication, as opposed to communication via electric wires. Examples include:
It has been suggested that this section be merged into Radio frequency engineering. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2014. |
Electric currents that oscillate at radio frequencies have special properties not shared by direct current or alternating current of lower frequencies.
To receive radio signals an antenna must be used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time, a radio tuner is necessary to tune into a particular frequency (or frequency range).[5] This is typically done via a resonator – in its simplest form, a circuit with a capacitor and an inductor form a tuned circuit. The resonator amplifies oscillations within a particular frequency band, while reducing oscillations at other frequencies outside the band. Another method to isolate a particular radio frequency is by oversampling (which gets a wide range of frequencies) and picking out the frequencies of interest, as done in software defined radio.
The distance over which radio communications is useful depends significantly on things other than wavelength, such as transmitter power, receiver quality, type, size, and height of antenna, mode of transmission, noise, and interfering signals. Ground waves, tropospheric scatter and skywaves can all achieve greater ranges than line-of-sight propagation. The study of radio propagation allows estimates of useful range to be made.
Frequency | Wavelength | Designation | Abbreviation[6] |
---|---|---|---|
3–30 Hz | 105–104 km | Extremely low frequency | ELF |
30–300 Hz | 104–103 km | Super low frequency | SLF |
300–3000 Hz | 103–100 km | Ultra low frequency | ULF |
3–30 kHz | 100–10 km | Very low frequency | VLF |
30–300 kHz | 10–1 km | Low frequency | LF |
300 kHz – 3 MHz | 1 km – 100 m | Medium frequency | MF |
3–30 MHz | 100–10 m | High frequency | HF |
30–300 MHz | 10–1 m | Very high frequency | VHF |
300 MHz – 3 GHz | 1 m – 10 cm | Ultra high frequency | UHF |
3–30 GHz | 10–1 cm | Super high frequency | SHF |
30–300 GHz | 1 cm – 1 mm | Extremely high frequency | EHF |
300 GHz – 3000 GHz | 1 mm – 0.1 mm | Tremendously high frequency | THF |
Radio frequency (RF) energy, in the form of radiating waves or electrical currents, has been used in medical treatments for over 75 years,[7] generally for minimally invasive surgeries, using radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation, including the treatment of sleep apnea.[8] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio frequency waves to generate images of the human body.
Radio frequencies at non-ablation energy levels are sometimes used as a form of cosmetic treatment that can tighten skin, reduce fat (lipolysis), or promote healing.[9]
RF diathermy is a medical treatment that uses RF induced heat as a form of physical or occupational therapy and in surgical procedures. It is commonly used for muscle relaxation. It is also a method of heating tissue electromagnetically for therapeutic purposes in medicine. Diathermy is used in physical therapy and occupational therapy to deliver moderate heat directly to pathologic lesions in the deeper tissues of the body. Surgically, the extreme heat that can be produced by diathermy may be used to destroy neoplasms, warts, and infected tissues, and to cauterize blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. The technique is particularly valuable in neurosurgery and surgery of the eye. Diathermy equipment typically operates in the short-wave radio frequency (range 1–100 MHz) or microwave energy (range 434–915 MHz).
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) is a medical treatment that purportedly helps to heal bone tissue reported in a recent NASA study. This method usually employs electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies - ranging from static magnetic fields, through extremely low frequencies (ELF) to higher radio frequencies (RF) administered in pulses.
High-power extremely low frequency RF with electric field levels in the low kV/m range are known to induce perceivable currents within the human body that create an annoying tingling sensation. These currents will typically flow to ground through a body contact surface such as the feet, or arc to ground where the body is well insulated.[10][11]
Microwave exposure at low-power levels below the Specific absorption rate set by government regulatory bodies are considered harmless non-ionizing radiation and have no effect on the human body. However, levels above the Specific absorption rate set by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission are considered potentially harmful (see Mobile phone radiation and health).
Long-term human exposure to high-levels of microwaves is recognized to cause cataracts according to experimental animal studies and epidemiological studies. The mechanism is unclear but may include changes in heat sensitive enzymes that normally protect cell proteins in the lens. Another mechanism that has been advanced is direct damage to the lens from pressure waves induced in the aqueous humor.
High-power exposure to microwave RF is known to create a range of effects from lower to higher power levels, ranging from unpleasant burning sensation on the skin and microwave auditory effect, to extreme pain at the mid-range, to physical burning and blistering of skin and internals at high power levels (see microwave burn).
Canadian safety code 6 recommends electric field limits of 100 kV/m for pulsed EMF to prevent air breakdown and spark discharges. Additional rational for EMF restrictions is to avoid auditory effect and energy-induced unconsciousness in rats.[12]
For health effects see electromagnetic radiation and health.
For high-power RF exposure see radiation burn.
For low-power RF exposure see radiation-induced cancer.
A heat ray is an RF harassment device that makes use of microwave radio frequencies to create an unpleasant heating effect in the upper layer of the skin. A publicly known heat ray weapon called the Active Denial System was developed by the US military as an experimental weapon to deny the enemy access to an area. A death ray is a weapon that delivers heat ray electromagnetic energy at levels that injure human tissue. The inventor of the death ray, Harry Grindell Matthews, claims to have lost sight in his left eye while developing his death ray weapon based on a primitive microwave magnetron from the 1920s (note that a typical microwave oven induces a tissue damaging cooking effect inside the oven at about 2 kV/m.)
It has been suggested that this section be merged into Radio waves. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2014. |
Since radio frequency radiation has both an electric and a magnetic component, it is often convenient to express intensity of radiation field in terms of units specific to each component. The unit volts per meter (V/m) is used for the electric component, and the unit amperes per meter (A/m) is used for the magnetic component. One can speak of an electromagnetic field, and these units are used to provide information about the levels of electric and magnetic field strength at a measurement location.
Another commonly used unit for characterizing an RF electromagnetic field is power density. Power density is most accurately used when the point of measurement is far enough away from the RF emitter to be located in what is referred to as the far field zone of the radiation pattern. In closer proximity to the transmitter, i.e., in the "near field" zone, the physical relationships between the electric and magnetic components of the field can be complex, and it is best to use the field strength units discussed above. Power density is measured in terms of power per unit area, for example, milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm²). When speaking of frequencies in the microwave range and higher, power density is usually used to express intensity since exposures that might occur would likely be in the far field zone.
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国試過去問 | 「106B053」「106B054」「106B052」「108D058」「108I071」「114B050」「113A055」「111D051」「106D043」「106D040」「113D060」「104I063」「105D034」「104I015」 |
リンク元 | 「関節リウマチ」「100Cases 27」「リウマチ熱」「リウマチ因子」「ラジオ波」 |
A
※国試ナビ4※ [106B052]←[国試_106]→[106B054]
D
※国試ナビ4※ [106B053]←[国試_106]→[106B055]
E
※国試ナビ4※ [106B051]←[国試_106]→[106B053]
CD
※国試ナビ4※ [108D057]←[国試_108]→[108D059]
C
※国試ナビ4※ [108I070]←[国試_108]→[108I072]
D
※国試ナビ4※ [114B049]←[国試_114]→[114C001]
E
※国試ナビ4※ [113A054]←[国試_113]→[113A056]
D
※国試ナビ4※ [111D050]←[国試_111]→[111D052]
E
※国試ナビ4※ [106D042]←[国試_106]→[106D044]
C
※国試ナビ4※ [106D039]←[国試_106]→[106D041]
E
※国試ナビ4※ [113D059]←[国試_113]→[113D061]
A
※国試ナビ4※ [104I062]←[国試_104]→[104I064]
※国試ナビ4※ [105D033]←[国試_105]→[105D035]
DE
※国試ナビ4※ [104I014]←[国試_104]→[104I016]
病態 | レイノー現象 | 抗核抗体 | リウマトイド因子 | 抗好中球細胞質抗体 | 皮疹 | 皮下結節 | 関節炎 | 筋炎 | 漿膜炎 | 自己抗体 |
RF | ||||||||||
病理 | 壊死性血管炎 | 糸球体腎炎 | 間質性肺炎 | 心炎 | 唾液腺炎 | オニオンスキン病変 | ワイヤーループ病変 | ヘマトキシリン体 | LE細胞 | |
7項目中、4項目以上を満たすとき、関節リウマチと診断される | 備考 | |
1 | 1時間以上持続する朝のこわばりが、6週間以上あること | |
2 | 3領域以上の関節の腫れが、6週間以上あること | 領域は、PIP関節・MP関節・手・肘・膝・足・MTP関節の14領域に分けられる |
3 | 手関節またはMP関節またはPIP関節の腫れが、6週間以上あること | 少なくとも1ヵ所での軟部組織腫脹 |
4 | 対称性関節腫脹 | PIP、MCP、MTP関節は完全に対象である必要はない |
5 | リウマトイド結節 | 骨突起部、伸側表面/関節近傍の皮下結節 |
6 | リウマトイド因子が陽性 | 正常人コントロールで5%以下の陽性率を示す測定法を用いること |
7 | X線、関節リウマチに特有の骨びらんが見られる | 手・指を中心に見る、びらん以上の破壊も含む |
シデナム舞踏病、皮下結節、有縁性紅斑を認める。
病態 | レイノー現象 | 抗核抗体 | リウマトイド因子 | 抗好中球細胞質抗体 | 皮疹 | 皮下結節 | 関節炎 | 筋炎 | 漿膜炎 | 自己抗体 |
病理 | 壊死性血管炎 | 糸球体腎炎 | 間質性肺炎 | 心炎 | 唾液腺炎 | オニオンスキン病変 | ワイヤーループ病変 | ヘマトキシリン体 | LE細胞 | |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
主症状 | 心炎 | 多関節炎 | 小舞踏病 | 輪状紅斑 | 皮下結節 | |
副症状 | 臨床症状 | 関節痛 | 発熟 | リウマチ熱、 あるいはリウマチ性疾患の既往 |
||
検査査所見 | 急性期反応 ESR↑、CRP↑、WBC↑ |
PR時間↑ | ||||
先行するA群レンサ球菌感染の証拠 | (関連抗体の高値または上昇、咽頭培養陽性または迅速反応陽性) |
膠原病 | Siogren症候群、SLE、混合性結合組織病、強皮症、多発性筋炎.皮膚筋炎、クリオグロブリン血症性血管炎 |
感染症 | 感染性心内膜炎、B型肝炎、C型肝炎、ウイルス感染症(パルポウイルスB19、風疹、ムンブス、HIV、インフルエンザ)、結核、梅毒、ハンセン病 |
肺疾患 | 間質性肺炎、珪肺症 |
肝疾患 | 原発性胆汁性肝硬変、肝硬変 |
その他 | 回帰性リウマチ、サルコイドーシス、一部の悪性腫痩、ワクチン接種後、 注意:健常若年者の最大4%、高齢者では最大25%で陽性 |
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