Kinosternidae

　

WordNet

1. mud turtles; musk turtles (同)family Kinosternidae

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Kinosternidae
Common musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus a species of the Kinosternidae family.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Sauropsida
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Kinosternoidea
Family:	Kinosternidae Agassiz, 1857
Genera
Kinosternon Sternotherus Claudius Staurotypus
Synonyms
Cinosternoidae - Agassiz 1857 Kinosterna - Gray 1869 Kinosternidae - Hay 1892

The Kinosternidae are a family of mostly small turtles that includes the mud turtles and musk turtles. The family contains 25 species within four genera, but taxonomic reclassification is an ongoing process, so many sources vary on the exact numbers of species and subspecies. They inhabit slow-moving bodies of water, often with soft, muddy bottoms and abundant vegetation.

Description

Most kinosternids are small turtles, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in carapace length. The highly domed carapace has a distinct keel down its center. The genus Staurotypus gets much larger, to 30 cm (12 in). Females are generally larger than males, but males have much longer tails. Kinosternids can be black, brown, green, or yellowish in color. Most species do not have shell markings, but some species have radiating black markings on each carapace scute. Some species have distinctive yellow striping along the sides of the head and neck.

The musk turtles are so named because they are capable of releasing a foul-smelling musk from glands under the rear of their shells when disturbed. They are native to North America and South America.

Diet

All members of the family are carnivorous, feeding on crustaceans, aquatic insects, mollusks, annelids, amphibians, small fish, and sometimes carrion.

Reproduction

Kinosternids lay about four hard-shelled eggs during the late spring and early summer. After hatching, some species overwinter in the subterranean nest, emerging the following spring. Some adults also spend the winter on land, constructing a burrow with a small air hole used on warm days.

Kinosternids contain the only species of turtle known, or at least suspected, to exhibit parental care. Studies of the yellow mud turtle in Nebraska, USA, suggest females sometimes stay with the nest and may urinate on the eggs long after laying, to either keep them moist or to protect them from snake predation (by making them less palatable).

Taxonomy

Family KINOSTERNIDAE

• Subfamily Kinosterninae
  • Genus Kinosternon
    • Tabasco mud turtle - K. acutum Gray, 1831
    • Alamos mud turtle - K. alamosae Berry & Legler, 1980
    • Central American mud turtle - K. angustipons Legler, 1965
    • Arizona mud turtle - K. arizonense Gilmore, 1923
    • Striped mud turtle - K. baurii (Garman, 1891)
    • Jalisco mud turtle - K. chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, & Iverson, 1996
    • Creaser's mud turtle - K. creaseri Hartweg, 1934
    • Dunn's mud turtle - K. dunni Schmidt, 1947
    • Durango mud turtle - K. durangoense Iverson, 1979
    • Yellow mud turtle - K. flavescens (Agassiz, 1857)
    • Herrera's mud turtle - K. herrerai Stejneger, 1925
    • Rough-footed mud turtle - K. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)
      • Valley of Mexico mud turtle - K. h. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)
      • Lake Chapala mud turtle - K. h. chapalaense (Iverson, 1981)
      • San Juanico mud turtle - K. h. magdalense (Iverson, 1981)
      • Viesca mud turtle - K. h. megacephalum (extinct) (Iverson, 1981)
      • Mexican plateau mud turtle - K. h. murrayi (Glass and Hartweg, 1951)
      • Patzcuarco mud turtle - K. h. tarascense (Inverson, 1981)
    • Mexican mud turtle - K. integrum (LeConte, 1954)
    • White-lipped mud turtle - K. leucostomum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851
      • Northern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. leucostomum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851
      • Southern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. postinguinale (Cope, 1887)
    • Oaxaca mud turtle - K. oaxacae Berry & Iverson, 1980
    • Scorpion mud turtle - K. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
      • Scorpion mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
      • Central Chiapas mud turtle - K. s. abaxillare (Baur, 1925)
      • White-throated mud turtle - K. s. albogulare (Duméril and Bibron, 1870)
      • Red-cheeked mud turtle - K. s. cruentatum (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851)
    • Sonora mud turtle - K. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)
      • Sonora mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)
      • Sonoyta mud turtle - K. s. longifemorale (Inverson, 1981)
    • Eastern mud turtle - K. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)
      • Eastern mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)
      • Mississippi mud turtle - K. s. hippocrepis (Bonnaterre, 1789)
      • Florida mud turtle - K. s. steindachneri (Siebenrock,1906)
  • Genus Sternotherus
    • Razor-backed musk turtle, S. carinatus (Gray, 1856)
    • Flattened musk turtle, S. depressus (Tinkle & Webb, 1955)
    • Loggerhead musk turtle, S. minor (Agassiz, 1857)
    • Common musk turtle or stinkpot, S. odoratus (Sonnini & Latreille, 1801)
• Subfamily Staurotypinae
  • Genus Claudius
    • Narrow-bridged musk turtle, C. angustatus Cope, 1865
  • Genus Staurotypus
    • Giant musk turtle, S. salvinii Gray, 1864
    • Mexican musk turtle, S. triporcatus (Wiegmann, 1828)

Additional images

Red-cheeked mud turtle, Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum  Mississippi mud turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis  Lake Chapala Mud Turtle, Kinosternon hirtipes chapalaense  Razorback musk turtle, Sternotherus carinatus  Striped mud turtle, Kinosternon baurii

References

• Animal Diversity Web: Family Kinosternidae, by Keith Pecor

Bibliography

• Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour (2011-12-31). "Turtles of the world, 2011 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status". Chelonian Research Monographs 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-22.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

English Journal

• Multilocus phylogeny of the New-World mud turtles (Kinosternidae) supports the traditional classification of the group.

• Spinks PQ1, Thomson RC2, Gidiş M3, Bradley Shaffer H4.
• Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2014 Jul;76:254-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.025. Epub 2014 Apr 2.
• A goal of modern taxonomy is to develop classifications that reflect current phylogenetic relationships and are as stable as possible given the inherent uncertainties in much of the tree of life. Here, we provide an in-depth phylogenetic analysis, based on 14 nuclear loci comprising 10,305 base pair
• PMID 24704303

• Substrate color-induced melanization in eight turtle species from four chelonian groups.

• Rowe JW1, Miller BJ2, Stuart MA2, Snyder C2, Tucker JK3, Clark DL2, Wittle LW2, Lamer JT4.
• Zoology (Jena, Germany).Zoology (Jena).2014 Jun 12. pii: S0944-2006(14)00056-7. doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.04.003. [Epub ahead of print]
• Background color convergence of prey occurring through local adaptation or phenotypically plastic responses can reduce predation rates by visual predators. We assessed the capacity for substrate color-induced melanization in eight turtle species within the groups Chelydridae, Emydidae, Kinosternidae
• PMID 24993507

• Molecular phylogenetics of the mud and musk turtle family Kinosternidae.

• Iverson JB1, Le M, Ingram C.
• Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2013 Dec;69(3):929-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.011. Epub 2013 Jun 30.
• The turtle family Kinosternidae comprises 25 living species of mud and musk turtles confined to the New World. Previous attempts to reconstruct a phylogenetic history of the group have employed morphological, isozyme, and limited mitochondrial DNA sequence data, but have not been successful in produ
• PMID 23823161

Japanese Journal

• Reproduction and growth of the mud turtle, Kinosteron subrubrum (Reptilia, Testudines, Kinosternidae), in Arkansas.

• IVERSON J. B.
• J. Herpetol. 13, 105-111, 1979
• NAID 30021008683

Related Links

• Kinosternidae - Wikispecies

Superfamilia: Kinosternoidea Familia: Kinosternidae Subfamilia: Kinosterninae - Staurotypinae Name [edit] Kinosternidae Agassiz, 1857 Synonymy [edit] Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857:249 Kinosterna Gray 1869:180 Kinosternidae Hay ...

• Kinosternidae | Definition of Kinosternidae by Merriam-Webster

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