Comte

　

WordNet

1. French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study (同)Auguste Comte, Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Comte
2. a former province of eastern France

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/27 04:53:29」(JST)

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Comte is the French, Catalan and Occitan form of the word 'count' (Latin: comes); comté is the Gallo-Romance form of the word 'county' (Latin: comitatus).

Comte may mean:

• a count in French, from Latin comes
• Auguste Comte (1798–1857), philosopher
• Louis Comte (1788–1859), magician

Comté may mean:

• A county in France, that is, the territory ruled by a count
• La Comté, a commune in the Pas-de-Calais département of France
• Comté cheese, a French cheese from Franche-Comté

See also

• Vicomte, the French equivalent of a viscount - see French nobility
• Franche-Comté, a traditional province of eastern France
• Conde (disambiguation) (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician term for "Count")
• Conte (disambiguation) (Italian term for "Count")
• Le Compte

English Journal

• An overview of existing raptor contaminant monitoring activities in Europe.

• Gómez-Ramírez P1, Shore RF2, van den Brink NW3, van Hattum B4, Bustnes JO5, Duke G6, Fritsch C7, García-Fernández AJ8, Helander BO9, Jaspers V10, Krone O11, Martínez-López E8, Mateo R12, Movalli P4, Sonne C13.Author information 1Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: pilargomez@um.es.2NERC, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.3Alterra, Wageningen UR, Box 47, NL-6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.4Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.5Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, FRAM-High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.6Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.7Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, University of Franche-Comté -, CNRS, Usc INRA, Place Leclerc, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.8Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.9Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Contaminant Environmental Research & Monitoring, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.10Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; NTNU, Realfagbygget, DU2-169, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim 7491, Norway.11Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.12Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.13Arctic Environment, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.AbstractBiomonitoring using raptors as sentinels can provide early warning of the potential impacts of contaminants on humans and the environment and also a means of tracking the success of associated mitigation measures. Examples include detection of heavy metal-induced immune system impairment, PCB-induced altered reproductive impacts, and toxicity associated with lead in shot game. Authorisation of such releases and implementation of mitigation is now increasingly delivered through EU-wide directives but there is little established pan-European monitoring to quantify outcomes. We investigated the potential for EU-wide coordinated contaminant monitoring using raptors as sentinels. We did this using a questionnaire to ascertain the current scale of national activity across 44 European countries. According to this survey, there have been 52 different contaminant monitoring schemes with raptors over the last 50years. There were active schemes in 15 (predominantly western European) countries and 23 schemes have been running for >20years; most monitoring was conducted for >5years. Legacy persistent organic compounds (specifically organochlorine insecticides and PCBs), and metals/metalloids were monitored in most of the 15 countries. Fungicides, flame retardants and anticoagulant rodenticides were also relatively frequently monitored (each in at least 6 countries). Common buzzard (Buteo buteo), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), tawny owl (Strix aluco) and barn owl (Tyto alba) were most commonly monitored (each in 6-10 countries). Feathers and eggs were most widely analysed although many schemes also analysed body tissues. Our study reveals an existing capability across multiple European countries for contaminant monitoring using raptors. However, coordination between existing schemes and expansion of monitoring into Eastern Europe is needed. This would enable assessment of the appropriateness of the EU-regulation of substances that are hazardous to humans and the environment, the effectiveness of EU level mitigation policies, and identify pan-European spatial and temporal trends in current and emerging contaminants of concern.
• Environment international.Environ Int.2014 Jun;67:12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.004. Epub 2014 Mar 13.
• Biomonitoring using raptors as sentinels can provide early warning of the potential impacts of contaminants on humans and the environment and also a means of tracking the success of associated mitigation measures. Examples include detection of heavy metal-induced immune system impairment, PCB-induce
• PMID 24632328

• Traditional cheeses: Rich and diverse microbiota with associated benefits.

• Montel MC1, Buchin S2, Mallet A3, Delbes-Paus C4, Vuitton DA5, Desmasures N3, Berthier F2.Author information 1INRA, Unité Recherches Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, F-15000 Aurillac, France. Electronic address: Marie-Christine.Montel@clermont.inra.fr.2INRA, UR342 Technologie et Analyses Laitières, F-39801 Poligny, France.3Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, ABTE, F-14032 Caen, France.4INRA, Unité Recherches Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, F-15000 Aurillac, France.5UNICAEN, ABTE, F-14032 Caen, France; EA3181/Université de Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon, France.AbstractThe risks and benefits of traditional cheeses, mainly raw milk cheeses, are rarely set out objectively, whence the recurrent confused debate over their pros and cons. This review starts by emphasizing the particularities of the microbiota in traditional cheeses. It then describes the sensory, hygiene, and possible health benefits associated with traditional cheeses. The microbial diversity underlying the benefits of raw milk cheese depends on both the milk microbiota and on traditional practices, including inoculation practices. Traditional know-how from farming to cheese processing helps to maintain both the richness of the microbiota in individual cheeses and the diversity between cheeses throughout processing. All in all more than 400 species of lactic acid bacteria, Gram and catalase-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds have been detected in raw milk. This biodiversity decreases in cheese cores, where a small number of lactic acid bacteria species are numerically dominant, but persists on the cheese surfaces, which harbour numerous species of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Diversity between cheeses is due particularly to wide variations in the dynamics of the same species in different cheeses. Flavour is more intense and rich in raw milk cheeses than in processed ones. This is mainly because an abundant native microbiota can express in raw milk cheeses, which is not the case in cheeses made from pasteurized or microfiltered milk. Compared to commercial strains, indigenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from milk/cheese, and surface bacteria and yeasts isolated from traditional brines, were associated with more complex volatile profiles and higher scores for some sensorial attributes. The ability of traditional cheeses to combat pathogens is related more to native antipathogenic strains or microbial consortia than to natural non-microbial inhibitor(s) from milk. Quite different native microbiota can protect against Listeria monocytogenes in cheeses (in both core and surface) and on the wooden surfaces of traditional equipment. The inhibition seems to be associated with their qualitative and quantitative composition rather than with their degree of diversity. The inhibitory mechanisms are not well elucidated. Both cross-sectional and cohort studies have evidenced a strong association of raw-milk consumption with protection against allergic/atopic diseases; further studies are needed to determine whether such association extends to traditional raw-milk cheese consumption. In the future, the use of meta-omics methods should help to decipher how traditional cheese ecosystems form and function, opening the way to new methods of risk-benefit management from farm to ripened cheese.
• International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2014 May 2;177C:136-154. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.019. Epub 2014 Mar 3.
• The risks and benefits of traditional cheeses, mainly raw milk cheeses, are rarely set out objectively, whence the recurrent confused debate over their pros and cons. This review starts by emphasizing the particularities of the microbiota in traditional cheeses. It then describes the sensory, hygien
• PMID 24642348

• Characterization of chemically modified oligonucleotides targeting a pathogenic mutation in human mitochondrial DNA.

• Tonin Y1, Heckel AM1, Dovydenko I2, Meschaninova M3, Comte C1, Venyaminova A3, Pyshnyi D3, Tarassov I1, Entelis N4.Author information 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France.2Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France; Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.3Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.4Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France. Electronic address: n.entelis@unistra.fr.AbstractDefects in mitochondrial genome can cause a wide range of clinical disorders, mainly neuromuscular diseases. Most of the deleterious mitochondrial mutations are heteroplasmic, meaning that wild type and mutated forms of mtDNA coexist in the same cell. Therefore, a shift in the proportion between mutant and wild type molecules could restore mitochondrial functions. The anti-replicative strategy aims to induce such a shift in heteroplasmy by mitochondrial targeting specifically designed molecules in order to inhibit replication of mutant mtDNA. Recently, we developed mitochondrial RNA vectors that can be used to address anti-replicative oligoribonucleotides into human mitochondria and impact heteroplasmy level, however, the effect was mainly transient, probably due to a rapid degradation of RNA molecules. In the present study, we introduced various chemically modified oligonucleotides in anti-replicative RNAs. We show that the most important increase of anti-replicative molecules' lifetime can be achieved by using synthetic RNA-DNA chimerical molecules or by ribose 2'-O-methylation in nuclease-sensitive sites. The presence of inverted thymidine at 3' terminus and modifications of 2'-OH ribose group did not prevent the mitochondrial uptake of the recombinant molecules. All the modified oligonucleotides were able to anneal specifically with the mutant mtDNA fragment, but not with the wild-type one. Nevertheless, the modified oligonucleotides did not cause a significant effect on the heteroplasmy level in transfected transmitochondrial cybrid cells bearing a pathogenic mtDNA deletion, proving to be less efficient than non-modified RNA molecules.
• Biochimie.Biochimie.2014 May;100:192-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.020. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
• Defects in mitochondrial genome can cause a wide range of clinical disorders, mainly neuromuscular diseases. Most of the deleterious mitochondrial mutations are heteroplasmic, meaning that wild type and mutated forms of mtDNA coexist in the same cell. Therefore, a shift in the proportion between mut
• PMID 23994754

Japanese Journal

• 社会学と実証すること : コント、J. S. ミル、アドルノ、ポパー (特集 社会学理論の射程 : 実証主義の功罪)

• 早川 洋行
• 現代社会学理論研究 (9), 28-40, 2015
• NAID 40020444236

• sociologie のもう一つの起源:その歴史的・概念史的背景

• 今野 晃(1970-)
• 東京女子大学社会学年報 2, 17-30, 20140310-00-00
• … を作り出してきた歴史的背景全体にこそ求められるべきものだろう.社会学の起源を探るためには,こうした背景に注目していくべきだろう.この検討によって,我々は,社会概念と,そして社会を研究する科学が必要とされた理由を理解することができるだろう.This essay considers why and how we had to create sociology.It is generally accepted that Auguste Comte invented the term "sociology", which appeared for the first time in 1838, in his The Course in Positive …
• NAID 120005486359

• ホルクハイマーとダーウィニズム

• 楠 秀樹
• 神奈川工科大学研究報告. A・B, 人文社会科学編・理工学編 Research reports of Kanagawa Institute of Technology. 神奈川工科大学 編 (38), 17-25, 2014
• NAID 40020037332

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