出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/08/21 23:36:04」(JST)
Yy Yy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yとは、ラテン文字(アルファベット)の 25 番目の文字。小文字は y 。U, V, W とともにギリシア文字の Υ に由来し、キリル文字の У は同系の文字である。Υ の別形に由来する F とも同系といえる。
漢字の「丫」と形状が似ているが、全く別の文字である(南丫島を「南Y島」と書くのは誤植)。
縦棒の上部が左右に分岐した形である。小文字は縦棒の下部が右に分岐した線と直線になって、ベースラインを下に越える。筆記体では大文字もこの小文字書体に基づき、左の線を縦に書いた後で緩やかに湾曲して右上にのび、縦棒をまっすぐ下に書いて左に曲げ、折り返して縦棒を右上に突き抜け、次の字に続ける。初筆は、左下からの線を緩やかに湾曲させて縦棒に連ねることが多い。フラクトゥールは。
国際音声記号としては、小文字 [y] は円唇前舌狭母音(フランス語 u 、ドイツ語 ü、中国語yuまたはü)。スモールキャピタル(小さい大文字) [ʏ] はその少し広い発音である円唇前舌広め狭母音を表す。音素文字として、硬口蓋接近音 [j] の代用表記にも使われる。180度回転させた小文字 [ʎ] は、硬口蓋側音(「リ」のように聞こえる音)であるが、ギリシャ文字 λ (ラムダ小文字)の変形である。
各言語においてこの文字が表す音価は、
ギリシャ文字の Υ(ウプシロン)がラテン文字の V(ウー)に変化した後で、より後代の Υ(ユプシロン)の発音を書き表すために、あらためて Υ(ユプシロン)を Y(ユー)として取り込んだものである。
大文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 小文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | U+0059 |
1-3-57 | Y Y |
y | U+0079 |
1-3-89 | y y |
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Y | U+FF39 |
1-3-57 | Y Y |
y | U+FF59 |
1-3-89 | y y |
全角 |
Ⓨ | U+24CE |
‐ | Ⓨ Ⓨ |
ⓨ | U+24E8 |
1-12-57 | ⓨ ⓨ |
丸囲み |
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Y (named wye[1] /ˈwaɪ/, plural wyes)[2] is the 25th and next-to-last letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In the English writing system it represents either a vowel or a consonant.
In Latin, Y was named I graeca. This was pronounced as E grecka, since the classical Greek sound /y/, similar to modern German ü or French u, was not a native sound for Latin speakers, and the letter was initially only used to spell foreign words. In Romance languages, this history has led to the standard modern name of the letter — in Galician i grego, in Catalan i grega, in French and Romanian i grec — all meaning "Greek I". The names igrek in Polish and i gờ-rét in Vietnamese are both phonetic borrowings of the French name. In Dutch, both Griekse ij and i-grec are used. In Spanish, Y is also called i griega; however, in the twentieth century the shorter name ye was proposed and was officially recognized as its name in 2010 by the Real Academia Española, although its original name is still accepted.[3] The original Greek name upsilon has also been adapted into several modern languages: in German, for example, it is called Ypsilon, and in Italian the name is ípsilon or ípsilo. In Portuguese, both names are used (ípsilon and i grego).[4]
Old English borrowed Latin Y to write the native Old English sound /y/ (previously written with the rune yr ᚣ). The name of the letter may be related to 'ui' (or 'vi') in various medieval languages; in Middle English it was 'wi' /wiː/, which through the Great Vowel Shift became the Modern English 'wy' /waɪ/.
The oldest direct ancestor of English letter Y was the Semitic letter waw, from which also come F, U, V, and W. See F for details. The Greek and Latin alphabets developed from the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. In Modern English, there is also some historical influence from the old English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which developed from Semitic gimel, as shown below.
Phoenician | Greek | Latin | English (approximate times of changes) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Old | Middle | Modern | |||
V → | U → | V/U/UU → | V/U/W | ||
Y → | Y (vowel /y/) → | Y (vowel /i/) → | Y (vowels) | ||
C → | |||||
G → | Ȝ (consonantal /g/ or /ɣ/) → | G → | |||
consonantal Y /j/ → | Y (consonant) |
The letter Y first appeared in this form as the capital of the Greek letter upsilon. The Romans first borrowed a small form of upsilon as the single letter V, representing both the vowel sound /u/ and the consonant /w/. (In modern ways of writing Latin, V is typically written as U, for a vowel, or V for the consonant.) However, this first loaning of upsilon into Latin is not the source of Modern English Y.
The usage of the Greek capital form of upsilon, 'Y' as opposed to U, V, or W, dates back to the Latin of the first century BC, when upsilon was introduced a second time, this time with its "foot" to distinguish it. It was used to transcribe loanwords from the prestigious Attic dialect of Greek, which had the non-Latin sound /y/, as found in modern French cru (raw), or German grün (green). Because it was not a native sound of Latin, it was usually pronounced /u/ or /i/. The latter pronunciation was the most common in the Classical period and was used by most people except Greek educated ones.[citation needed]
The letter was also used for other languages with a /y/ sound. Some words of Italic origin were re-spelled with a 'y': Latin silva ('forest') was commonly spelled sylva, in analogy with the Greek cognate and synonym ὕλη.[5]
The Roman Emperor Claudius proposed introducing a new letter into the Latin alphabet to transcribe the so-called sonus medius (a short vowel before labial consonants), which in inscriptions was sometimes used for Greek upsilon instead.[citation needed]
In Old English there was a native /y/ sound, and so both Latin U and Y were adapted for use. By the time of Middle English, /y/ had lost its roundedness and became identical to I (/iː/ and /ɪ/). Therefore, many words that originally had I were spelled with Y, and vice versa. (Some dialects, however, retained the sound /y/ and spelled it U, following French usage.)[citation needed]
Likewise, Modern English vocalic Y is pronounced identically to the letter I. But Modern English uses it in only certain places, unlike Middle and early Modern English. It has three uses: for upsilon in Greek loan-words (system: Greek σύστημα), at the end of a word (rye, city; compare cities, where S is final), and before vowel endings (dy-ing, justify-ing).
As a consonant in English, Y is normally a palatal approximant, /j/ (year, German Jahr). This is possibly influenced by the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which represented /j/. (Yogh's other sound, /ɣ/, came to be written gh in Middle English, and although the sound is no longer pronounced in standard modern English silent gh is common in many words where this sound was once present, such as through and caught, and in some cases an /f/ sound has resulted in modern English, as in rough or 'tough
When printing was introduced to Great Britain, Caxton and other English printers used Y in place of Þ (thorn: Modern English th), which did not exist in continental typefaces. From this convention comes the spelling of the as ye in the mock archaism Ye Olde Shoppe. But in spite of the spelling, pronunciation was the same as for modern the (stressed /ðiː/, unstressed /ðə/). Ye (/jiː/) is purely a modern spelling pronunciation.[6]
The letter Y was originally established as a vowel. In the standard English alphabet, the letter Y is traditionally regarded as a consonant, but a survey of almost any English text will show that Y more commonly functions as a vowel.
As [j]:
As [i]:
As [ɪ]:
As [ai]:
Other:
In English morphology, -y is an adjectival suffix.
Y has the sound values /y/ or /ʏ/ in the Scandinavian languages. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords). In Norwegian it forms part of the diphthong ⟨øy⟩, which in Swedish is spelled ⟨öj⟩ and ⟨øj⟩ (formerly ⟨øi⟩) in Danish.
In Dutch and in German, Y appears only in loanwords. In Dutch, it usually represents /i/. It may sometimes be left out of the Dutch alphabet and replaced with the ligature IJ. In addition, Y and ÿ are occasionally used instead of Dutch IJ and ij, albeit very rarely. In German, the pronunciation /yː/ has taken hold since the 19th century in classical loanwords – for instance in words like typisch /ˈtyːpɪʃ/ 'typical', Hyäne, Hysterie, mysteriös, Syndrom, System, Typ, Yacht (variation spelling: Jacht], Yak, Yeti; however, e.g. yo-yo is spelled "Jo-Jo" in German, and yoghurt/yogurt/yoghourt "Jog(h)urt" [mostly spelled with h]) and names (e.g. Bayern Bavaria, Ägypten Egypt, Libyen Libya, Paraguay, Syrien Syria, Uruguay, Zypern Cyprus, but: Jemen Yemen, Jugoslawien Yugoslavia). Especially in German names, the pronunciations /iː/ or /ɪ/ occur as well – for instance in the name Meyer, where it serves as a variant of ⟨i⟩, cf. Meier, another common spelling of the name. Vehicles of the Bundeswehr ("Federal Defense," the German Armed Forces) use the letter Y plus a number for their license plates.
A Y that derives from the IJ ligature occurs in the Afrikaans language, a descendant of Dutch, and in Alemannic German names. In Afrikaans, it denotes the diphthong [ɛi]. In Alemannic German names, it denotes long /iː/, for instance in Schnyder [ˈʃniːdər] or Schwyz [ˈʃʋiːts] – the cognate non-Alemannic German names Schneider [ˈʃnaɪdər] or Schweiz [ʃʋaɪts] have the diphthong /aɪ/ that developed from long /iː/.
The Icelandic writing system uses y for /ɪ/ and ý for /i/. In Faroese, Y is always pronounced /i/. In both languages, it can also form part of diphthongs such as ⟨ey⟩ (in both languages) and ⟨oy⟩ (Faroese only).
In French orthography y is identical to i in pronunciation. It is pronounced as [i] when a vowel (as in the words "cycle", "y") and as [j] as a consonant (as in "yeux", "voyez"). It alternates orthographically with i in the conjugations of some verbs, indicating a [j] sound.
In French Y can have a diaresis (tréma) as in Moÿ-de-l'Aisne.
In the Spanish language, Y was used as a word-initial form of I that was more visible. (German has used J in a similar way.) Hence el yugo y las flechas was a symbol sharing the initials of Isabella I of Castille (Ysabel) and Ferdinand II of Aragon. This spelling was reformed by the Royal Spanish Academy and currently is only found in proper names spelled archaically, such as Ybarra or CYII, the symbol of the Canal de Isabel II.
Appearing alone as a word, the letter Y is a grammatical conjunction with the meaning "and" in Spanish and is pronounced /i/. In Spanish family names, y can separate the father's surname from the mother's surname as in Santiago Ramón y Cajal; another example is Maturin y Domanova, from the Aubrey-Maturin series. Catalan names use i for this. As a consonant y represents [ʝ] in Spanish. When coming before the sound /i/, the conjunction Y is replaced with E: español e inglés. This is to avoid pronouncing /i/ twice.
The letter Y is called i/y griega, literally meaning "Greek I", after the Greek letter ypsilon, or ye.
In Portuguese, Y (called ípsilon in Brazil, both ípsilon or i grego in Portugal) was, together with K and W, recently re-introduced as the 25th letter, and 19th consonant, of the Portuguese alphabet, in consequence of the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990.
It is mostly used in loanwords from English, Japanese, Spanish, Russian and Hebrew. Loanwords in general, primarily gallicisms in both varieties, are more common in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. It was always common for Brazilians to stylize Tupi-influenced names of their children with the letter (which is present in most romanizations of Old Tupi) e.g. Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara – though placenames and loanwords derived from Indigenous origins had the letter substituted for ⟨i⟩ over time e.g. Nictheroy became Niterói.
To a minor degree (often stigmatized as a signal of the lower classes) it is also true for common Western/Christian in Brazil, together with those of immigrant communities, although the practice is not possible in Portugal where names are required to follow official spelling conventions (see more at Portuguese name).
Usual pronunciations are /i/, [j], [ɪ] and /ɨ/ (the two latter ones are inexistent in European and Brazilian Portuguese varieties respectively, being both substituted by /i/ in other dialects). The letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are regarded as phonemically not dissimilar, though the first corresponds to a vowel and the latter to a consonant, and both can correspond to a semivowel depending on its place in a word.
Italian, too, has Y (ipsilon) in a small number of loanwords.
In Guaraní, it represents the vowel [ɨ].
In Polish, it represents the vowel [ɘ].
In Welsh it is pronounced [ə] non-final syllables, and /ɨ/ or [i] (depending on the accent) in final syllables.
In Finnish and Albanian, Y is always pronounced [y].
In Estonian, Y is unofficially used as a subtenant for Ü. It is pronounced the same as in Finnish.
In Lithuanian Y is the 15th letter and is a vowel. It is called the long i and is pronounced /iː/ like in English see.
When used as a vowel in Vietnamese, the letter y represents the sound /i/; when it is a monophthong, it is functionally equivalent to the Vietnamese letter i. Thus, Mỹ Lai does not rhyme but mỳ Lee does. There have been efforts to replace all such uses with i altogether, but they have been largely unsuccessful. As a consonant, it represents the palatal approximant. The capital letter Y is also used in Vietnamese as a given name.
In Aymara, Turkish, Quechua and the romanization of Japanese, Y is always a palatal consonant, denoting [j], as in English.
In Malagasy, the letter y represents the final variation of /ɨ/.
In Turkmen, Y represents [ɯ].
In Japan, Ⓨ is a symbol used for resale price maintenance.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [y] corresponds to the close front rounded vowel, and the slightly different character [ʏ] corresponds to the near-close near-front rounded vowel.
It is indicative of the rarity of front rounded vowels that [y] is the rarest sound represented in the IPA by a letter of the Latin alphabet, being cross-linguistically less than half as frequent as [q] or [c] and only about a quarter as frequent as [x].[citation needed]
The IPA symbol [j] ("jod") represents the sound of the English letter ⟨y⟩ in the word yes.
Character | Y | y | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y | LATIN SMALL LETTER Y | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 89 | U+0059 | 121 | U+0079 |
UTF-8 | 89 | 59 | 121 | 79 |
Numeric character reference | Y | Y | y | y |
EBCDIC family | 232 | E8 | 168 | A8 |
ASCII 1 | 89 | 59 | 121 | 79 |
On German typewriter- and computer keyboards (in comparison to those used in UK/US), the positions of the letters Y and Z are swapped. (In German, Y is used only in loanwords and names.)
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Yankee | –·–– |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | Braille dots-13456 |
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