wild tobacco

　

WordNet

1. tobacco plant of South America and Mexico (同)Indian_tobacco, Nicotiana rustica
2. marked by extreme lack of restraint or control; "wild talk"; "wild parties"
3. a wild primitive state untouched by civilization; "he lived in the wild"; "they collected mushrooms in the wild" (同)natural state, state of nature
4. in a natural state; not tamed or domesticated or cultivated; "wild geese"; "edible wild plants" (同)untamed
5. deviating widely from an intended course; "a wild bullet"; "he threw a wild pitch"
6. in a state of extreme emotion; "wild with anger"; "wild with grief"
7. in a wild or undomesticated manner; "growing wild"; "roaming wild"
8. aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs (同)tobacco plant
9. leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion (同)baccy
10. a wild uncultivated plant (especially a wild apple or crabapple tree)
11. an outrageous rampage usually involving sexual attacks by men on women

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (植物・果実・はちみつなどが)『野生の』 / (鳥獣などが)『野生の』,飼い慣らされていない / (人・気性などが)『乱暴な』,無法な,手に負えない / 《おもに補語に用いて》『気違いじみた』,熱狂的な,ひどく興奮した / 《補語にのみ用いて》『熱望して』;夢中になって / (天候・海・時勢などが)『荒れた』,激しい / (人・種族などが)『未開の』 / (土地などが)『自然のままの』,荒涼とした / (計画などが)『とっぴな』,でたらめな / 的はずれの,見当違いの / 乱れた,だらしない / 《話》よい,愉快な / 『乱暴に』,やたらに;でたらめに / 荒野,荒れ地,大自然のままの状態
2. 〈C〉『タバコの木』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『タバコの葉』 / 〈C〉(2を加工して製品にした)『たばこ』(紙巻きたばこ(cigarettes),葉巻(cigars),かきたばこ(snuff)など) / 〈U〉喫煙

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/15 17:39:53」(JST)

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Nicotiana rustica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Nicotiana
Species:	N. rustica
Binomial name
Nicotiana rustica L.

Nicotiana rustica, Aztec tobacco or wild tobacco, called ucuch in southern Mexico (specifically Campeche and Yucatán) due to its Mayan roots, mapacho in South America, and thuoc lao (thuốc lào) in Vietnam, is a rainforest plant in the Solanaceae family. It is a very potent variety of tobacco. The high concentration of nicotine in its leaves makes it useful for producing pesticides.

Uses

Nicotiana rustica is often used for entheogenic purposes by South American shamans. It contains up to nine times more nicotine than common species of Nicotiana such as Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco). Other reasons for its shamanic use are the comparatively high levels of beta-carbolines, including the harmala alkaloids harman and norharman. Most commonly, in South American ethnobotanical preparations, it is allowed to soak or be infused in water, and the water is then insufflated into the stomach in a preparation known as singado or singa; it is also smoked in cigars, used as an enema, made into a lickable product known as ambil, and made into a snuff with the bark of a species of Theobroma, creating nu-nu. In the southeast part of Turkey, people use this herb and ashes of some tree bodies to make a moist snuff called maraş otu. They use this by putting the mixture under their lips like Swedish snus or Afghan naswar. It is also a common admixture of Ayahuasca in some parts of the Amazon.

In Russia, N. rustica is called "makhorka" (махорка). Historically, makhorka was smoked mainly by the lower classes. N. rustica is a hardy plant and can be grown in most of Russia (as opposed to N. virginiana which requires a warm climate), it was more readily and cheaply available, and did not depend on transport in a country with an underdeveloped road network and climatic portage problems. This remained the case until ordinary tobacco became widely available in the 20th Century. During Soviet times, rustic tobacco was an important industrial crop of agriculture. In those times, dozens of varieties were bred, some of them considered equal in quality to N. virginiana. In modern times, makhorka is still sometimes smoked by peasants and farmers due to its high availability and being almost for free for them.

Nicotiana rustica leaves have a nicotine content as high as 9%, whereas N. tabacum leaves contain about 1 to 3%.

Thuốc lào (in Vietnam)

In Vietnam, it is most commonly smoked after a meal on a full stomach to "aid in digestion", or along with green tea or local beer (most commonly the cheap "bia hơi"). A "hít" of thuốc lào is followed by a flood of nicotine to the bloodstream inducing strong dizziness that lasts several seconds. It should be said, however, that even heavy cigarette smokers have had trouble with the intense volume of smoke and the high nicotine content, and that side effects include nausea and vomiting.

The main difference between smoking thuốc lào and the use of other tobaccos is in the method of consumption, in that thuốc lào is consumed with a water pipe. The smoker is presented with either a bamboo pipe called a điếu cày (English: "farmer's pipe") or a ceramic hookah called a điếu bát. It may also occasionally be smoked in a more uncommon pipe known as a điếu ống. The pipe is filled with an appropriate amount of water and a small amount of thuốc lào is pressed into the bowl.

Flowering Nicotiana rustica

Nicotiana rustica field in Quảng Xương district, Thanh Hóa province, Vietnam

One then ignites the tobacco and inhales to create a body of smoke inside the pipe, before exhaling the smoke, reversing the process of air in the pipe by blowing into it to pop out the tobacco. The smoker then sharply inhales, usually tilting the pipe upwards to an almost horizontal position (but not completely, as the water would drain out of the mouth).

Thuốc lào is usually smoked out of a bamboo pipe, the điếu cày, which can cost from 10,000 đồng to upwards of 50,000 đồng for pipes with extravagant carvings and other designs.

Maraş otu

Maraş otu (English: Maraş weed) is chewing variant of Nicotiana rustica. Commonly used by people who live in Maraş. Maraş Otu is a mix of Oak tree ash and Nicotiana rustica that resembles henna. It is recognized as a drug by anti-drug activists. It can contribute to mouth cancers.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 小児における有毒植物の誤飲：臨床症状および評価potentially toxic plant ingestions in children clinical manifestations and evaluation [show details]
  …alkaloids that have nicotinic effects including : Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) Nicotiana tabacum (wild tobacco) Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco) Laburnum anagyroides (golden chain) Cytisus laburnum…
• 2. 小児における有毒植物の誤飲およびニコチン中毒：マネージメントtoxic plant ingestions and nicotine poisoning in children management [show details]

English Journal

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• Xu Z1, Wang M2, Shi D3, Zhou G4, Niu T5, Hahn MG6, O'Neill MA7, Kong Y8.
• Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology.Plant Sci.2017 May;258:156-169. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.01.005. Epub 2017 Jan 30.
• PMID 28330559

• Functional characterization of Brassica napus DNA topoisomerase Iα-1 and its effect on flowering time when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana.

• Gao C1, Qi S1, Liu K1, Li D1, Jin C1, Duan S1, Zhang M1, Chen M2.
• Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2017 Apr 22;486(1):124-129. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.011. Epub 2017 Mar 8.
• PMID 28283390

• Deregulation of apoplastic polyamine oxidase affects development and salt response of tobacco plants.

• Gémes K1, Mellidou Ι2, Karamanoli K2, Beris D3, Park KY4, Matsi T2, Haralampidis K3, Constantinidou HI5, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA6.
• Journal of plant physiology.J Plant Physiol.2017 Apr;211:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.12.012. Epub 2017 Jan 15.
• PMID 28135604

Japanese Journal

• An improved tolerance to cadmium by overexpression of two genes for cysteine synthesis in tobacco

• Plant Biotechnology 31(2), 141-147, 2014
• NAID 130003391375

• Sucrose transporter NtSUT1 confers aluminum tolerance on cultured cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)(Plant nutrition)

• Soil science and plant nutrition 59(5), 756-770, 2013-10
• NAID 110009766777

• 〈Original Papers〉タバコモザイクウイルス外被蛋白質の大腸菌での大量生産ならびに自己会合の解析

• Memoirs of the Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology of Kinki University 32, 51-57, 2013-09
• NAID 120005345858

Related Links

• Types of tobacco - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wild tobacco is native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of South America. Its botanical name is Nicotiana rustica. In Australia Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana gossei are two of several ...

• Wild Tobacco - Herbs2000.com

Description of wild tobacco, its habitat, medicinal uses, and other useful tips.

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