WordNet

of summer nights in northern latitudes where the sun barely sets; "white nights"
the quality or state of the achromatic color of greatest lightness (bearing the least resemblance to black) (同)whiteness
(board games) the lighter pieces
restricted to whites only; "under segregation there were even white restrooms and white drinking fountains"; "a lily-white movement which would expel Negroes from the organization" (同)lily-white
marked by the presence of snow; "a white Christmas"; "the white hills of a northern winter" (同)snowy
glowing white with heat; "white flames"; "a white-hot center of the fire" (同)white-hot
(of hair) having lost its color; "the white hairs of old age" (同)whitened
(of coffee) having cream or milk added
being of the achromatic color of maximum lightness; having little or no hue owing to reflection of almost all incident light; "as white as fresh snow"; "a brides white dress"
benevolent; without malicious intent; "thats white of you"
free from moral blemish or impurity; unsullied; "in shining white armor"
of or belonging to a racial group having light skin coloration; "voting patterns within the white population"
United States educator who in 1865 (with Ezra Cornell) founded Cornell University and served as its first president (1832-1918) (同)Andrew D. White, Andrew Dickson White
United States writer noted for his humorous essays (1899-1985) (同)E. B. White, Elwyn Brooks White
United States jurist appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1910 by President Taft; noted for his work on antitrust legislation (1845-1921) (同)Edward White, Edward D. White, Edward Douglas White Jr.
Australian writer (1912-1990) (同)Patrick White, Patrick Victor Martindale White
United States architect (1853-1906) (同)Stanford White
United States political journalist (1915-1986) (同)T. H. White, Theodore Harold White
a member of the Caucasoid race (同)White person, Caucasian
a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows southeastward through northern Arkansas and southern Missouri (同)White River
a food fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe resembling the cod; sometimes placed in genus Gadus (同)Merlangus merlangus, Gadus merlangus
a small fish of the genus Sillago; excellent food fish
any of several food fishes of North American coastal waters
flesh of a cod-like fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe
flesh of any of a number of slender food fishes especially of Atlantic coasts of North America
strike or drive against with a heavy impact; "ram the gate with a sledgehammer"; "pound on the door" (同)ram down, pound
uncastrated adult male sheep; "a British term is `tup" (同)tup
a tool for driving or forcing something by impact
the posterior part of the mandible that is more or less vertical

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『白』,白色 / 〈U〉〈C〉白いもの;(特に)『卵の白身』 / 〈U〉『白衣』,白色の服;《しばしば複数形で》白の制服(運動着など) / 〈C〉白人 / 『白い』,白色の,純白の / (恐怖で人・顔・唇などが)『青白い』,血の気のない(pale) / (皮膚の色の)白い,白人の / (髪・ひげなどが)銀色の,改色の / 雪のある,雪の積もった / 《おもに古》潔白の,罪のない / 《英》(コーヒーが)ミルク入りの / …‘を'白くする,漂白する
ニベ(北米産);タラ(欧州産)
(銀の研摩剤に用いる)胡粉,白亜(chalk);漂白剤
(去勢しない)雄羊 / 破城づち(先に鉄のつめのついたさおで,戸・城壁などを破るのに用いた) / くい打ち機 / (…に)…‘を'激しく打ちつける(打ち込む)《+『名』+『against』(『into』)+『名』》 / …‘に'激突する / (…に)…‘を'詰め込む,押し込む《+『名』+『into』(in, down』)+『名』》 / (…に)激突する《+『against』(『into』)+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/13 08:55:16」(JST)

wiki en

The white ramus communicans (plural: rami communicantes) from Latin ramus (branch) and communicans (communicating) is the preganglionic sympathetic outflow nerve tract from the spinal cord.

Each of the thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves contribute a white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion, unlike the gray rami which are located at each spinal level.^[1] White rami communicantes contain both myelinated and unmyelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers, (GVE and GVA). The white ramus appears white because they are more myelinated than unmyelinated fibers unlike the gray rami.

Structure

The white rami communicantes (plural of ramus communicans, ramus means branch) is the preganglionic sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord.

The cell bodies for the preganglionic sympathetic myelinated fibers in the white rami communicantes lie in the ipsilateral (same sided) intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord which extends from T1-L2. These rami also contain general visceral afferent fibers (sensory from the organs) whose primary cell bodies reside dorsal root ganglia (which then synapse in the anterior horn). The preganglionic sympathetic fibers will enter into the sympathetic trunk and either synapse at the ganglion on the same level, or travel up or down the sympathetic trunk to arrive at the correct spinal level for their action. Once they synapse in the sympathetic ganglion in the sympathetic trunk, they exit the trunk as gray rami to join the spinal nerve and innervate the appropriate structure. Even though the sympathetic trunk extends below L2, there are no more white rami communicantes below L2 because the intermediolateral cell column ends before this. The fibers of the sympathetic trunk above and below T1-L2 originate from white rami communicantes within T1-L2. Above and below T1-L2 there are only gray rami. Cell column are the important features of white rami communicates.

Additional Images

Deep and superficial dissection of the lumbar plexus.
Thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ "Dissector Answers - Kidney & Retroperitoneum". Retrieved 2007-11-13.

External links

Atlas image: n3a6p1 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Autonomic Connections of the Spinal Cord"
Overview and diagram

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

[The excitatory effect of adenosine on the discharge activity of the afferent cardiac sympathetic fibers].

Montano N1, Lombardi F, Ruscone TG, Contini M, Guazzi M, Malliani A.
Cardiologia (Rome, Italy).Cardiologia.1991 Dec;36(12):953-9.
Recent clinical observations suggest that adenosine may produce cardiac pain; even though the mechanisms involved still need defining, one of the most convincing hypotheses seems to be a direct adenosine stimulation of the sympathetic nerve endings present in the myocardium. In 10 decerebrate and ar
PMID 1811864

The location and characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurones in the lower thoracic spinal cord of dog and cat.

Bennett JA, Goodchild CS, Kidd C, McWilliam PN.
Quarterly journal of experimental physiology (Cambridge, England).Q J Exp Physiol.1986 Jan;71(1):79-92.
The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from a white ramus communicans has been used to define the precise segmental location of sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in the spinal cord of the cat and dog. All labelled cells were found ipsilaterally and were confined to the spinal cord se
PMID 3952264

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy in the BB rat. Ultrastructural and morphometric changes in sympathetic nerves.

Yagihashi S, Sima AA.
Diabetes.Diabetes.1985 Jun;34(6):558-64.
Autonomic neuropathy occurring in sympathetic nerves of the spontaneously diabetic BB rat has been characterized using ultrastructural and morphometric techniques. Paravertebral thoracic ganglion cells, preganglionic myelinated fibers of the white ramus, and postganglionic unmyelinated fibers of the
PMID 4007283

「白交通枝」

White ramus communicans
	Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. 1. Somatic efferent. 2. Somatic afferent. 3, 4, 5. Sympathetic efferent. 6, 7. Sympathetic afferent.
	Diagram of the course and branches of a typical intercostal nerve. (Rami communicantes labeled at center.)
Details
Latin	ramus communicans albus nervi spinalis
Identifiers
Gray's	p.920
Dorlands; /Elsevier	12689486
TA	A14.3.01.007
FMA	5875
	Anatomical terminology