WordNet

system of fluid-filled tubes used by echinoderms in locomotion and feeding and respiration
(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
provide with water; "We watered the buffalo"
binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent (同)H2O
supply with water, as with channels or ditches or streams; "Water the fields" (同)irrigate
once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
secrete or form water, as tears or saliva; "My mouth watered at the prospect of a good dinner"; "His eyes watered"
a liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants; "he asked for a drink of water"
fill with tears; "His eyes were watering"
of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids; "vascular constriction"; "a vascular bundle"
wetting with water; "the lawn needs a great deal of watering"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
〈U〉水 / 《しばしば複数形で》『海』(『湖,川』)『の水』 / 《複数形で》流れる水;(海・川・湖などの)波立つ水《+of+名》 / 《複数形で》(特定の)水域,領海,近海 / 〈U〉潮位,水位;《the water》水面 / 〈U〉分泌液(涙・汗・尿など) / 〈U〉溶液,…水 / 《複数形で》(飲用の)鉱泉水 / 〈U〉(織物・金属などの)波紋 / …‘に'『水をかける』(まく,やる) / 〈動物〉‘に'水を飲ませる / …‘に'水を供給する;…‘を'潅漑(かんがい)する / 〈液体など〉‘を'水で割る,薄める《+名+down,+down+名》 / 〈織物・金属など〉‘に'波紋(波模様)をつける / 〈動物などが〉水を飲む:〈船・機関などが〉給水を受ける / 〈目・口などが〉分泌液を出す
(血液・樹液などを運ぶ)管の,導管の,血管の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/14 01:06:11」(JST)

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The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.^[1] The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.^[1]^[2]

The exact structure of the system varies somewhat between the five classes of echinoderm.

Sea stars

Madreporite of Asterias

In sea stars, water enters the system through a sieve-like structure on the upper surface of the animal, called the madreporite. This overlies a small sac, or ampulla connected to a duct termed the stone canal, which is, as its name implies, commonly lined with calcareous material. The stone canal runs to a circular ring canal, from which radial canals run outwards along the ambulacral grooves. Each arm of a sea star has one such groove on its underside, while, in sea urchins, they run along the outside of the body.^[3]^:933–939

Each side of the radial canals gives rise to a row of bulb-like ampullae, which are connected via lateral canals. In sea stars these are always staggered, so that an ampulla on the left follows one on the right, and so on down the length of the radial canal. The ampullae are connected to suckerlike podia. The entire structure is called a tube foot. In most cases, the small lateral canals connecting the ampullae to the radial canal are of equal length, so that the tube feet are arranged in two rows, one along each side of the groove. In some species, however, there are alternately long and short lateral canals, giving the appearance of two rows on each side of the groove, for four in total.^[3]^:933–939

Contraction of the ampullae causes the podia to stretch as water is brought into them. This whole process allows for movement, and is quite powerful but extremely slow.^[4]

The central ring canal, in addition to connecting the radial canals to each other and to the stone canal, also has a number of other specialised structures on the inner surface. In between each radial canal, in many sea star species, there lies a muscular sac called a polian vesicle. The ring canal also has four or five pairs of complex pouches, called Tiedemann's bodies. These apparently produce coelomocytes, amoeboid cells somewhat similar to the blood cells of vertebrates.^[3]

Although the contents of the water vascular system are essentially sea water, apart from coelomocytes, the fluid also contains some protein and high levels of potassium salts.^[3]^:933–939

Ophiuroids

Ophiuroids, the group including brittle stars and basket stars, have a somewhat different water vascular system from sea stars, despite their superficially similar appearance. The madreporite is located on the underside of the animal, usually in one of the jaw plates. The stone canal runs upwards to the ring canal, typically located in a circular depression on the upper (i.e. internal) surface of the jaws. The ring canal has four polian vesicles.^[3]^:957

Ophiuroids have no ambulacral groove, and the radial canals instead run through the solid bone-like ossicles of the arms. Unlike sea stars, the tube feet are paired instead of staggered, and there are no ampullae. Instead, a simple valve at the upper end of the foot helps to control water pressure in the tube feet, along with contraction of the associated canals.^[3]^:957

Sea urchins

The madreporite of sea urchins is located within one of the plates surrounding the anus on the upper surface of the animal. The stone canal descends from the madreporite to the ring canal, which lies around the oesophagus, and includes a number of polian vesicles. Because sea urchins have no arms, the five radial canals simply run along the inside of the solid skeletal "test", arching upwards towards the anus.^[3]^:972–973

The ampullae branching off from either side of the radial canals give rise to ten rows of tube feet, which penetrate through holes in the test to the outside. As in sea stars, the ampullae are arranged alternately, but in most (though not all) cases they split into two as they pass through the test before merging again on the outer side. The tube feet of sea urchins are often highly modified for different purposes. The radial canal ends in a small water-filled tentacle which protrudes through the uppermost plate of the ambulacral region.^[3]^:972–973

Crinoids

Uniquely among echinoderms, crinoids have no madreporite. Instead, the oral surface is dotted within numerous minute ciliated funnels that run into the main body cavity. The ring canal has several small stone canals, located between the arms of the animal, but these open into the body cavity, and thus are only indirectly connected to the outside.^[3]^:1004

The five radial canals run into the arms and branch several times to supply all of the individual branches and pinnules lining the arms. As in other echinoderms, the radial canals give rise to lateral canals, but there are no ampullae, and clusters of three tube feet branch from the ends of each canal, except around the mouth, where they are found singly. In the absence of ampullae, water pressure is maintained by the ring canal, which is surrounded by contractile muscle fibres.^[3]^:1004

Sea cucumbers

The water vascular system of sea cucumbers has no connection to the outside, and is thus filled with the internal coelomic fluid, rather than sea water. The madreporite is present, but lies within the body cavity, just below the pharynx. The stone canal is relatively short.^[3]^:991–992

The ring canal normally has one to four polian vesicles, but in the order Apodida, there may be as many as fifty. The radial canals run through notches in the calcareous plates surrounding the mouth and then run along the ambulacral areas along the length of the body. Lateral canals run to both the tube feet and the large oral tentacles, all of which possess ampullae. The Apodida, which have no tube feet, also have no radial canals, with the canals to the tentacles branching off directly from the ring canal.^[3]991–992

References

^ ^a ^b Solomon, Eldra; Linda Berg; Diana Martin (2002). Biology. Brooks/Cole.
^ Dale, Jonathan (2000). "Starfish Science".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
^ Gilbertson, Lance (1999). Zoology Lab Manual (fourth ed.). McGraw Hill Companies, New York. ISBN 0-07-237716-X.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 妊娠に対する母体の心血管系および血行動態の適応 maternal cardiovascular and hemodynamic adaptations to pregnancy
2. 血液透析における水の浄化システム water purification systems in hemodialysis
3. 内シャント造設術前に行う患者評価と血管系のマッピング patient evaluation and vascular mapping prior to placement of hemodialysis arteriovenous access
4. 水分バランス異常（低ナトリウム血症および高ナトリウム血症）およびナトリウムバランス異常（循環血液量減少および浮腫）の一般原則 general principles of disorders of water balance hyponatremia and hypernatremia and sodium balance hypovolemia and edema
5. 血管新生阻害剤の概要 overview of angiogenesis inhibitors

English Journal

Transport of active flavonoids, based on cytotoxicity and lipophilicity: An evaluation using the blood-brain barrier cell and Caco-2 cell models.

Yang Y1, Bai L1, Li X1, Xiong J1, Xu P1, Guo C1, Xue M2.Author information 1Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.2Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China. Electronic address: xuem@ccmu.edu.cn.AbstractThis in vitro study aims to evaluate and compare transmembrane transport of eight cardio-cerebrovascular protection flavonoids including puerarin, rutin, hesperidin, quercetin, genistein, kaempferol, apigenin and isoliquiritigenin via the rat blood-brain barrier cell and Caco-2 cell monolayer models, based on the data of cytotoxicity and lipophilicity. The cytotoxicity of the flavonoids to rat brain microvessel endothelial cell was determined by the MTT assay. The apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of the flavonoids were calculated from the unilateral transport assays in Transwell system with simultaneous determination using a high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the cytotoxicity and oil-water partition coefficient of the flavonoids modified by the number and position of the glycoside and hydroxyl group were the key determinant for the transmembrane transport. The Papp values of the flavonoids reduced adversely when the numbers of glycoside and hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids increased accordingly. The tested flavonoids exhibited time-dependent Papp values in these models. The efflux mechanism related with P-glycoprotein also existed with the polar flavonoids; verapamil could enhance the permeation of rutin and quercetin via inhibition of P-glycoprotein. We propose that genistein and isoliquiritigenin with the permeation priority in vitro Caco-2 and BBB cell model could be better as the drug candidates for cardio-cerebral vascular protection. These findings provided important information for establishing the transport relationship for the flavonoid compounds and evaluating the potential oral bioavailability and brain distribution of the flavonoids.
Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.Toxicol In Vitro.2014 Apr;28(3):388-96. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.12.002. Epub 2013 Dec 21.
This in vitro study aims to evaluate and compare transmembrane transport of eight cardio-cerebrovascular protection flavonoids including puerarin, rutin, hesperidin, quercetin, genistein, kaempferol, apigenin and isoliquiritigenin via the rat blood-brain barrier cell and Caco-2 cell monolayer models
PMID 24362044

A Mock Circulatory System to Assess the Performance of Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs): Does Axial Flow Unload Better Than Centrifugal LVAD?

Sénage T1, Février D, Michel M, Pichot E, Duveau D, Tsui S, Trochu JN, Roussel JC.Author information 1From the *Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Thorax Institut, Nantes Hospital University, Nantes, France; and †Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation, Cambridge, United Kingdom.AbstractHemodynamic performances comparisons between different types of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) remain difficult in a clinical context. The aim of this study was to create an experimental model to assess and compare two types of LVAD under hemodynamic conditions that simulated physical effort and pulmonary hypertension. An experimental mock circulatory system was created to simulate the systemic and pulmonary circulations and consisted of pulsatile left and right cardiac simulators (cardiowest pump), air/water tanks to model compliances, and tubes to model the venous and arterial resistances. Two types of continuous-flow ventricular assist devices were connected to this pulsated model: an axial flow pump, Heartmate II (HTM II), and a centrifugal pump, VentrAssist (VTA). The hemodynamic conditions at rest and during exercise were replicated. Mean aortic pressures were not significantly different at rest and during effort but mean flow under maximum pump speed was higher with HTM II (13 L vs. 10 L, p = 0.02). Left atrial pressure was lower at rest and during effort for the HTM II (11 mm Hg vs. 3 mm Hg, p = 0.02 and 9 mm Hg vs. 2 mm Hg, p = 0.008) than with the VTA, but with greater risk of left-ventricle suck-down for the axial flow. Power consumption for a similar flow was lower with the VTA during rest (4.7 W vs. 6.9 W, p = 0.002) and during effort (4.3 W vs. 6.6 W, p = 0.008). In case of high pulmonary vascular resistance with preserved right ventricular function, lower right ventricular pressure was obtained with HTM II (21 mm Hg vs. 28 mm Hg, p = 0.03). Observed results are in favor of a better discharge of the left and right cavities with the HTM II compared to the VTA yet with a higher risk of left cavity collapse occurrence.
ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992).ASAIO J.2014 Mar-Apr;60(2):140-7. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000045.
Hemodynamic performances comparisons between different types of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) remain difficult in a clinical context. The aim of this study was to create an experimental model to assess and compare two types of LVAD under hemodynamic conditions that simulated physical effor
PMID 24577368

Palatability of tastes is associated with facial circulatory responses.

Kashima H1, Hamada Y, Hayashi N.Author information 1Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-W9-1, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan. naohayashi@hum.titech.ac.jp.AbstractTo examine whether various types of taste stimuli in the oral cavity elicit unique changes in facial skin blood flow (SkBF) according to the palatability perceived by an individual, the facial SkBF was observed by laser speckle flowgraphy in 15 healthy subjects (11 males and 4 females) before and during the ingestion of bitter tea, chilli sauce, coffee, orange juice, soup, and a water control. The heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and SkBF in the index finger were recorded continuously. Subjects reported their subjective palatability and taste intensity scores after each stimulus. The vascular conductance indexes (CIs) in the face and finger were calculated as ratios of SkBF to MAP. CI in the eyelid increased significantly in response to chilli sauce, orange juice, and soup, whereas CIs in the forehead, nose, and cheek decreased in response to bitter tea. There was a significant correlation between the palatability scores and CI values in the eyelid when changes induced by chilli sauce were excluded. These results suggest that the facial circulatory response reflects the degree of palatability of a foodstuff.
Chemical senses.Chem Senses.2014 Mar;39(3):243-8. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjt074. Epub 2014 Jan 5.
To examine whether various types of taste stimuli in the oral cavity elicit unique changes in facial skin blood flow (SkBF) according to the palatability perceived by an individual, the facial SkBF was observed by laser speckle flowgraphy in 15 healthy subjects (11 males and 4 females) before and du
PMID 24391145

Japanese Journal

40. シロイヌナズナにおける新奇アブシジン酸輸送体の同定(口頭発表,植物化学調節学会第46回大会)

菅野裕理,花田篤志,神谷勇治,瀬尾光範
植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 (46), 56, 2011-10-03
… In response to water stress, plants increase their endogenous ABA levels and close stomata to limit water loss. … It has been shown in Arabidopsis that ABA biosynthetic enzymes are localized in vascular tissues, suggesting that ABA synthesized in vascular tissues is transported to guard cells to close stomata. …
NAID 110008902449

Comparison of the effects of flooding vs. low-oxygen gas on pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) primary roots

Niki Teruo,Takahashi Mitsuo,Gladish Daniel K.
Plant Root 5(0), 31-39, 2011
… But root immersion in water may have effects on roots in addition to reducing oxygen levels. … At temperatures >15°C Pisum sativum primary roots develop cavities in the centers of their vascular cylinders in response to saturated or flooded conditions. …
NAID 130001477079

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