WordNet
- provide with water; "We watered the buffalo"
- binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent (同)H2O
- supply with water, as with channels or ditches or streams; "Water the fields" (同)irrigate
- once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
- secrete or form water, as tears or saliva; "My mouth watered at the prospect of a good dinner"; "His eyes watered"
- a liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants; "he asked for a drink of water"
- fill with tears; "His eyes were watering"
- equality of distribution (同)equilibrium, equipoise, counterbalance
- a state of equilibrium
- equality between the totals of the credit and debit sides of an account
- the difference between the totals of the credit and debit sides of an account
- a scale for weighing; depends on pull of gravity
- compute credits and debits of an account
- bring into balance or equilibrium; "She has to balance work and her domestic duties"; "balance the two weights" (同)equilibrate, equilibrize, equilibrise
- be in equilibrium; "He was balancing on one foot"
- being in a state of proper equilibrium; "the carefully balanced seesaw"; "a properly balanced symphony orchestra"; "a balanced assessment of intellectual and cultural history"; "a balanced blend of whiskeys"; "the educated man shows a balanced development of all his powers"
- wetting with water; "the lawn needs a great deal of watering"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈U〉水 / 《しばしば複数形で》『海』(『湖,川』)『の水』 / 《複数形で》流れる水;(海・川・湖などの)波立つ水《+of+名》 / 《複数形で》(特定の)水域,領海,近海 / 〈U〉潮位,水位;《the water》水面 / 〈U〉分泌液(涙・汗・尿など) / 〈U〉溶液,…水 / 《複数形で》(飲用の)鉱泉水 / 〈U〉(織物・金属などの)波紋 / …‘に'『水をかける』(まく,やる) / 〈動物〉‘に'水を飲ませる / …‘に'水を供給する;…‘を'潅漑(かんがい)する / 〈液体など〉‘を'水で割る,薄める《+名+down,+down+名》 / 〈織物・金属など〉‘に'波紋(波模様)をつける / 〈動物などが〉水を飲む:〈船・機関などが〉給水を受ける / 〈目・口などが〉分泌液を出す
- 〈C〉『天びん』,『はかり』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『つり合い』,均衡,平衡 / 〈U〉〈C〉(絵・デザインなどの)調和 / 《the~》《話》残り / 《単数形で》(貯金などの)差引き残高,(取引の)収支勘定 / …'を'『つり合わせる』,‘の'平衡を保つ / 〈重さ・重要性〉'を'比較評価する,比べて考える / …'を'差引き勘定する / …‘と'つり合う,調和する / 均衡(平衡)を保っている,つり合っている / 決算する,収支が合う / (どちらを取ろうかと)迷う,ちゅうちょする
- 意志強固な,心のぐらつかない
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/09/09 16:58:45」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Not to be confused with fluid balance.
Nile basin water balance.
In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological domains, such as a column of soil or a drainage basin.[citation needed] Water balance can also refer to the ways in which an organism maintains water in dry or hot conditions. It is often discussed in reference to plants or arthropods, which have a variety of water retention mechanisms, including a lipid waxy coating that has limited permeability.
Contents
- 1 Equation
- 2 Models
- 3 Applications
- 4 Types
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Equation
A general water balance equation is:
where
- is precipitation
- is runoff
- is evapotranspiration
- is the change in storage (in soil or the bedrock)
This equation uses the principles of conservation of mass in a closed system, whereby any water entering a system (via precipitation), must be transferred into either evaporation, surface runoff (eventually reaching the channel and leaving in the form of river discharge), or stored in the ground. This equation requires the system to be closed, and where it isn't (for example when surface runoff contributes to a different basin), this must be taken into account.
Extensive water balances are discussed in agricultural hydrology.
A water balance can be used to help manage water supply and predict where there may be water shortages. It is also used in irrigation, runoff assessment (e.g. through the RainOff model [1]), flood control and pollution control. Further it is used in the design of subsurface drainage systems which may be horizontal (i.e. using pipes, tile drains or ditches) or vertical (drainage by wells).[2] To estimate the drainage requirement, the use of an hydrogeological water balance and a groundwater model (e.g. SahysMod [3]) may be instrumental.
The water balance can be illustrated using a water balance graph which plots levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration often on a monthly scale.
Several monthly water balance models had been developed for several conditions and purposes. Monthly water balance models had been studied since the 1940s.[4]
Models
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This section requires expansion. (November 2008) |
Several diagnostic measures in hydrology can be used to select and evaluate the performance of water balance models.
Applications
- Evaluate the components of the hydrologic cycle
- Snowmelt simulation
- Climate change impact assessment
- Flow forecasting and project design
- Assess agricultural water management
Types
- Models using precipitation (rainfall) as input
- Models using rainfall and temperature as input
- Models using rainfall and potential evaporation as input
- Models using daily input data
See also
- Hydrology (agriculture)
- Catchment hydrology
- Runoff model (reservoir)
References
- ^ "Rainoff, surface runoff model". Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ "Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land under irrigation". Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ "Sahysmod groundwater model". Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ Xu, C.-Y.; V.P. Singh (1998). "A Review on Monthly Water Balance Models for Water Resources Investigations". Water Resources Management 12 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1023/A:1007916816469.
External links
- Article on water and salt balances: [1]
Salt and water balance in animals
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- Hypertonicity
- Isotonicity
- Hypotonicity
- Osmoregulation
- Homeostasis
- Halotolerance (Halophile)
- Osmoconformer
- Euryhaline
- Stenohaline
- Salt gland
- Supraorbital gland
- Renal medulla
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Tolvaptan for hyponatremia with preserved sodium pool in critically ill patients.
- Umbrello M1,2, Mantovani ES3, Formenti P4, Casiraghi C5, Ottolina D6, Taverna M7, Pezzi A8, Mistraletti G9,10, Iapichino G11,12.
- Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s13613-015-0096-2. Epub 2016 Jan 4.
- BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in hospitalized patients, and it represents a well-established risk factor for ICU/hospital mortality. The majority of hyponatremic states are associated with elevated arginine vasopressin levels and a preserved sodium pool. Convent
- PMID 26728593
- Integrated Free Energy Model (IFEM) for microemulsions.
- Boza Troncoso A1, Acosta E2.
- Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2016 Mar 15;466:400-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.042. Epub 2015 Dec 22.
- The Integrated Free Energy Model (IFEM) is a platform used to predict the solubilization of nonpolar oils in nonionic alkyl-polyethylene oxide (CXEOY) micelles starting from a free energy balance of costs and gains when surfactants from empty micelles and oil from a continuous oil phase assemble to
- PMID 26759991
- Controlling the phase structures of polymer/surfactant complexes by changing macromolecular architecture and adding n-alcohols.
- Percebom AM1, Loh W2.
- Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2016 Mar 15;466:377-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.050. Epub 2015 Dec 24.
- Phase behavior of complex salts formed by a cationic surfactant and different ethoxylated polyions was investigated in water and with addition of two n-alcohols of different chain lengths: n-butanol and n-decanol. The polyion possesses a main chain of methacrylic acid randomly grafted with oligo(eth
- PMID 26752433
Japanese Journal
- 同志社大学ハリス理化学研究報告 = The Harris science review of Doshisha University 57(1), 34-40, 2016-04-30
- NAID 120005758764
- アムール川の流出水はオホーツク海北西陸棚域でどのように振る舞うのか?
- アフガニスタンにおける畦間灌漑への最適灌漑水量の推定
Related Links
- water balance 《生物》水分平衡 - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。
- This public domain tool promotes rainwater management and green development practices The vision for the Water Balance Model powered by QUALHYMO as a decision support tool that bridges engineering and planning is that it will ...
Related Pictures
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