視野検査

WordNet

select (a team or individual player) for a game; "The Buckeyes fielded a young new quarterback for the Rose Bowl"
the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it (同)field of force, force_field
a particular kind of commercial enterprise; "they are outstanding in their field" (同)field_of_operation, line of business
a region in which active military operations are in progress; "the army was in the field awaiting action"; "he served in the Vietnam theater for three years" (同)field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations
the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) (同)field of view
(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1; "the set of all rational numbers is a field"
a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found; "the diamond fields of South Africa"
a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed; "he planted a field of wheat"
all of the horses in a particular horse race
all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected; "anthropologists do much of their work in the field"
answer adequately or successfully; "The lawyer fielded all questions from the press"
catch or pick up (balls) in baseball or cricket
play as a fielder
undergo a test; "She doesnt test well"
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" (同)mental test, mental testing, psychometric test
the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" (同)trial
the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" (同)trial, run
a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" (同)prove, try, try out, examine, essay
achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools"
determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV"
an examination of the characteristics of something; "there are laboratories for commercial testing"; "it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox"
the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works; "they agreed to end the testing of atomic weapons"
tested and proved useful or correct; "a tested method" (同)tried, well-tried
tested and proved to be reliable (同)time-tested, tried, tried and true

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『野原』,[牧]草地;田;畑;《the fields》田野,田畑 / 〈C〉(雪・氷などの)原,広がり / 〈C〉(鉱物などの)産出地,埋蔵地 / 〈C〉『戦場』(battlefield);戦闘(battle) / 〈C〉(スポーツの)『競技場』;(陸上のトラックに対して)フィールド / 〈C〉(ある用途の)場,地面 / 〈C〉(研究・活動などの)『分野』,領域 / 《the~》現地 / 〈C〉(電気・磁気などの)場;(レンズの)視界 / 〈C〉(絵・旗などの)地,下地 / 《the~》《集合的に》(キツネ狩り・競技の)参加者;(競馬の)出走馬;(野球の)守備選手 / (野球・クリケットで)〈打球〉‘を'さばく / 〈選手〉‘を'出場させる,守備につける / (野球・クリケットで)野手をつとめる
(人の能力などの)『試験』,考査,テスト / (物事の)『試験』,検済,試錬,実験《+of+名》 / 化学分析;試薬 / =test match / …‘を'『試験する』,検査する / …‘を'化学分析する / (…の)試験を受ける,試験をする《+for+名》
『視覚の』 / 目に見える;目で見た / 有視界の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/22 21:42:38」(JST)

wiki en

A visual field test is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, brain tumours or other neurological deficits. Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter.

The exam may be performed by a technician in one of several ways. The test may be performed by a technician directly, with the assistance of a machine, or completely by an automated machine. Machine based tests aid diagnostics by allowing a detailed printout of the patient's visual field.

Other names for this test may include perimetry, Tangent screen exam, Automated perimetry exam, Goldmann visual field exam, or the Humphrey field exam.

Exam methods

Techniques used to perform this test:

Confrontation visual field exam (Donder's test): The examiner will ask the patient to cover one eye and stare at the examiner. Ideally, when the patient covers their right eye, the examiner covers their left eye, and vice versa. The examiner will then move his hand out of the patient's visual field and then bring it back in. Commonly the examiner will use a slowly wagging finger or a hat pin for this. The patient signals the examiner when his hand comes back into view. This is frequently done by an examiner as a simple and preliminary test.

Perimetry

Perimetry or campimetry is one way to systematically test the visual field.^[1] It is the systematic measurement of differential light sensitivity in the visual field by the detection of the presence of test targets on a defined background. Perimetry more carefully maps and quantifies the visual field, especially at the extreme periphery of the visual field. The name comes from the method of testing the perimeter of the visual field.

Automated perimeters are used widely, and applications include: diagnosing disease, job selection, visual competence assessment, school or community screenings, military selection, and disability classifications.^[2]

Types of perimetry

Goldmann Perimeter

Tangent screen: The simplest form of perimetry uses a white tangent screen.^[3] Vision is tested by presenting different sized pins attached to a black wand, which may be moved, against a black background.^[3] This test stimulus (pins) may be white or colored.^[3]
Goldmann perimeter: The Goldmann perimeter is a hollow white spherical bowl positioned a set distance in front of the patient.^[3] An examiner presents a test light of variable size and intensity. The light may move towards the center from the perimeter (kinetic perimetry), or it may remain in one location (static perimetry). The Goldmann method is able to test the entire range of peripheral vision, and has been used for years to follow vision changes in glaucoma patients.^[3] However, now automated perimetry is more commonly used.
Automated perimetry: Automated perimetry uses a mobile stimulus moved by a perimetry machine. The patient indicates whether he sees the light by pushing a button. The use of a white background and lights of incremental brightness is called "white-on-white" perimetry. This type of perimetry is the most commonly used in clinical practice, and in research trials where loss of visual field must be measured.^[4] However, the sensitivity of white-on-white perimetry is low, and the variability is relatively high; as many as 25-50 percent of the photoreceptor cells may be lost before changes in visual field acuity are detected.^[4] This method is commonly used for early detection of blind spots. The patient sits in front of an (artificial) small concave dome in a small machine with a target in the center. The chin rests on the machine and the eye that is not being tested is covered. A button is given to the patient to be used during the exam. The patient is set in front of the dome and asked to focus on the target at the center. A computer then shines lights on the inside dome and the patient clicks the button whenever a light is seen. The computer then automatically maps and calculates the patient's visual field.^[5]^[6]
Microperimeter: The microperimeter assesses the macular function in a computerised way.

Methods of stimulus presentation

Static perimetry

Static perimetry tests different locations throughout the field one at a time.^[3] First, a dim light is presented at a particular location. If the patient does not see the light, it is made gradually brighter until it is seen.^[3] The minimum brightness required for the detection of a light stimulus is called the "threshold" sensitivity level of that location.^[3] This procedure is then repeated at several other locations, until the entire visual field is tested.^[3]

Threshold static perimetry is generally done using automated equipment. It is used for rapid screening and follow up of diseases involving deficits such as scotomas, loss of peripheral vision and more subtle vision loss. Perimetry testing is important in the screening, diagnosing, and monitoring of various eye, retinal, optic nerve and brain disorders.

Kinetic perimetry

Kinetic perimetry uses a mobile stimulus moved by an examiner (perimetrist) such as in Goldmann kinetic perimetry.^[7] First, a single test light of constant size and brightness is used. The test light is moved towards the center of vision from the periphery until it is first detected by the patient. This repeated by approaching the center of vision from different directions. Repeating this enough will establish a boundary of vision for that target. The procedure is repeated using different test lights that are larger or brighter than the original test light.

In this way, kinetic perimetry is useful for mapping visual field sensitivity boundaries. It may be a good alternative for patients that have difficulty with automated perimetry, either due to difficulty maintaining constant gaze, or due to cognitive impairment.^[8]

External links

"Amsler Grid" Test from Ossibus Software
Free visual field test

References

^ "Visual Field". NIH, US National Library of Medicine. Medline Plus. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
^ "1990 Perimetry Standards". First Codicil. Imaging and Perimetry Society. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Cunningham, Emmett T.; Paul Riordan-Eva (2011). "Chapter 2: Ophthalmologic Evaluation - Specialized Ophthalmologic Examinations". Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology. (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0071634205.
^ ^a ^b McKendrick, Allison M (March 2005). "Recent developments in perimetry: test stimuli and procedures". Clinical and Experimental Optometry 88 (2): 73–80. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06671.x. PMID 15807638.
^ "Visual Field Testing". January 2, 2013.
^ Siverstone, DE, Hirsch, J: Automated Visual Field Testing. Appelton-Century Croft. Norwalk, CT. 1986.
^ "What is Perimetry?". Imaging and Perimetry Society. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
^ Ing, Edsel. "Neuro-Ophthalmic Examination". Web MD, LLC. Medscape. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

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