n.

男性化、男性化症、多毛症

関: androgenicity、androgenization、hirsutism、hypertrichosis、masculinization、virilization、virilize

WordNet

the development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female (or prematurely in a young boy)
the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction) (同)masculinisation, virilization, virilisation

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/03/11 23:45:00」(JST)

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Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body.^[1] Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens. Virilization is most commonly used in three medical and biology of gender contexts: prenatal sexual differentiation, the postnatal changes of normal male puberty, and excessive androgen effects in girls or women.

Prenatal virilization

In the prenatal period, virilization refers to closure of the perineum, thinning and wrinkling (rugation) of the scrotum, growth of the phallus, and closure of the urethral groove to the tip of the penis. In this context, masculinization is synonymous with virilization.

Prenatal virilization of genetic females and undervirilization of genetic males are common causes of ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions.

High

Prenatal virilization of a genetically female fetus can occur when an excessive amount of androgen is produced by the fetal adrenal glands or is present in maternal blood. In the severest form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete masculinization of a genetically female fetus results in an apparently normal baby boy with no palpable testes. More often, the virilization is partial and the genitalia are ambiguous.

It can also be associated with progestin-induced virilisation.

Low

Undervirilization can occur if a genetic male cannot produce enough androgen or the body tissues cannot respond to it. Extreme undervirilization occurs when no significant androgen hormones can be produced or the body is completely insensitive to androgens. Both result in a female body. Partial undervirilization produces ambiguous genitalia part-way between male and female. The mildest degree of undervirilization may be a slightly small penis. Examples of undervirilization are androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5 alpha reductase deficiency, and some forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Normal virilization

In common as well as medical usage, virilization often refers to the process of normal male puberty, in which testosterone changes a boy's body into a man's. These effects include growth of the penis and testes, accelerated growth, development of pubic hair, and other androgenic hair of face, torso, and limbs, deepening of the voice, increased musculature, thickening of the jaw, prominence of the neck cartilage, and broadening of the shoulders.

Abnormal childhood virilization

Virilization can occur in childhood in either boys or girls due to excessive amounts of androgens. Typical effects of virilization in children are pubic hair, accelerated growth and bone maturation, increased muscle strength, acne, and adult body odor. In a boy, virilization may signal precocious puberty, while congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen producing tumors (usually) of the gonads or adrenals are occasional causes in both sexes.

In adolescent or adult women

Virilization in a woman can manifest as clitoral enlargement, increased muscle strength, acne, hirsutism, frontal hair thinning, deepening of the voice, and menstrual disruption due to anovulation.^[2] Some of the possible causes of virilization in women are:

Androgen-producing tumors of the
- ovaries
- adrenal glands (see adrenal tumor)
- pituitary gland (see pituitary adenoma)
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Hyperthecosis
Hypothyroidism
Anabolic steroid exposure
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (late-onset)
Conn's syndrome

Medically induced virilization in transgender people

Transgender people who were medically assigned female at birth sometimes elect to take hormone replacement therapy. This process causes virilization by inducing many of the effects of a typically male puberty. Many of these effects are permanent, but some effects can be reversed if the transgender individual stops or pauses their medical treatment.

Permanent virilization effects

Deepening of the voice
Growth of facial and body hair
Male-pattern baldness
Enlargement of the clitoris
Breast atrophy – possible shrinking and/or softening of breasts

Reversible virilization effects

Further muscle development (especially upper body)
Increased sweat and changes in body odor
Prominence of veins and coarser skin
Alterations in blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides)
Increased red blood cell count

References

^ "Virilization definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
^ Schuiling, Kerri Durnell; Likis, Frances E. (2005). Women's Gynecologic Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-7637-4717-3.

External links

UpToDate Contents

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1. 副腎アンドロゲン過剰症 adrenal hyperandrogenism
2. 思春期における多嚢胞性卵巣症候群の診断的評価 diagnostic evaluation of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents
3. 男性型多毛症を有する閉経期女性の評価 evaluation of premenopausal women with hirsutism
4. アンドロゲン過剰症および男性型多毛症治療におけるエストロゲン・プロゲスチン混合避妊剤の使用 use of combination estrogen progestin contraceptives in the treatment of hyperandrogenism and hirsutism
5. 妊娠時のアンドロゲン過剰症の診断およびマネージメント diagnosis and management of gestational hyperandrogenism

English Journal

Testosterone production during puberty in two 46,XY patients with disorders of sex development and novel NR5A1 (SF-1) mutations.

Tantawy S, Lin L, Akkurt I, Borck G, Klingmüller D, Hauffa BP, Krude H, Biebermann H, Achermann JC, Köhler B.SourceDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Charité, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
European journal of endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies.Eur J Endocrinol.2012 Jul;167(1):125-30. Epub 2012 Apr 3.
BACKGROUND: Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, NR5A1) is a key transcriptional regulator of many genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and mutations in NR5A1 can result in 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). Patients with this condition typically present with ambiguous genitalia
PMID 22474171

Association of polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphism rs2479106 and PCOS in Caucasian patients with PCOS or hirsutism as referral diagnosis.

Eriksen MB, Brusgaard K, Andersen M, Tan Q, Altinok ML, Gaster M, Glintborg D.SourceDepartment of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark. mette.eriksen@ouh.regionsyddanmark.dk
European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.2012 Jul;163(1):39-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.03.020. Epub 2012 Apr 13.
CONTEXT: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease among premenopausal women. A recent study found association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and PCOS in a cohort of Han Chinese women.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between rs13405728 (LHCG
PMID 22504079

The investigation and management of hirsutism.

Franks S.SourceInstitute of Reproductive & Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK. s.franks@imperial.ac.uk
The journal of family planning and reproductive health care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists.J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care.2012 Jul;38(3):182-6.
Excess male-pattern body hair in women is a very common and psychologically damaging condition. Although its cause is usually a chronic and benign disorder (most commonly polycystic ovary syndrome) it may rarely be an indication of a more serious endocrine disease such as Cushing syndrome or an andr
PMID 22787248

Japanese Journal

性同一性障害(女→男)への男性ホルモン投与の心理的効果--声の男性化と心理的安定

梅宮れいか
研究紀要 42, 29-34, 2010
NAID 40018724902

Study (6) of virilizing effects in female rat fetuses following administration of synthetic hormone at a high dose: Virilism in female rat fetuses due to direct administration of testosterone and its main metabolic compounds to fetuses(Poster Session)(Japanese Teratology Society 43rd Annual Meeting)

Kimura E.,Shimazu S.,Yoshinaga K.,Yoshida R.,Hanada S.,Yonehara Y.,Izumi H.,Ohta T.,Kitazato M.,Kawashima K.
Congenital anomalies 43(3), 245, 2003-09
NAID 110002788623

女子の男性的二次性徴

野々村克也,柿崎秀宏,谷口明久,小柳知彦
ホルモンと臨牀 50(6), 17-23, 2002-06-01
NAID 10008690094

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「男性化」「virilize」「masculinization」「androgenicity」「androgenization」
拡張検索	「adrenal virilism syndrome」

「男性化」

　　[★]

英: virilization、masculinization、androgenization、androgenicity
同: ビリリズム virilism
関: 多毛症、男性化症

先天性副腎皮質過形成症
ステロイド細胞腫瘍
アンドロゲン産生腫瘍
多嚢胞性卵巣症候群

「virilize」

　　[★]

vt.

男性化させる

関: androgenicity, androgenization, masculinization, virilism, virilization

「masculinization」

　　[★]

n.

男性化

関: androgenicity、androgenization、virilism、virilization、virilize

「androgenicity」

　　[★]

n.

男性化

関: androgenization、masculinization、virilism、virilization、virilize

「androgenization」

　　[★]

n.

男性化

関: androgenicity、masculinization、virilism、virilization、virilize

「adrenal virilism syndrome」

　　[★] 副腎性男性化症候群

[1] "Virilization definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-11-26.

[2] Schuiling, Kerri Durnell; Likis, Frances E. (2005). Women's Gynecologic Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-7637-4717-3.

v t e Human physiology of sexual reproduction
Menstrual cycle	Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis (spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm) Oogenesis (oogonium oocyte ootid ovum) Germ cell (gonocyte gamete)
Human sexual behavior	Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation/Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex
Life span	Prenatal development/Sexual dimorphism/Sexual differentiation (Feminization Virilization) Puberty (Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric (Menopause Late-onset hypogonadism) Tanner scale
Egg	Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility	Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Andrology Hormone
Breast	Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding

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virilism