Vibrio cholerae |
Scientific classification |
Domain: |
Bacteria |
Phylum: |
Proteobacteria |
Class: |
Gammaproteobacteria |
Order: |
Vibrionales |
Family: |
Vibrionaceae |
Genus: |
Vibrio |
Species: |
V. cholerae |
Binomial name |
Vibrio cholerae
Pacini 1854 |
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. Some strains of V. cholerae cause the disease cholera. V. cholerae is a facultative anaerobic organism[1] and has a flagellum at one cell pole. V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease.[2][3]
Contents
- 1 Pathogenesis
- 2 Genome
- 2.1 Bacteriophage CTXφ
- 2.2 Vibrio pathogenicity island
- 3 Ecology and epidemiology
- 4 Diversity and evolution
- 5 Gallery
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Pathogenesis[edit]
V. cholerae pathogenicity genes code for proteins directly or indirectly involved in the virulence of the bacteria. During infection, V. cholerae secretes cholera toxin, a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea. Colonization of the small intestine also requires the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a thin, flexible, filamentous appendage on the surface of bacterial cells.
Genome[edit]
V. cholerae has two circular chromosomes, together totalling 4 million base pairs of DNA sequence and 3,885 predicted genes.[4] The genes for cholera toxin are carried by CTXphi (CTXφ), a temperate bacteriophage inserted into the V. cholerae genome. CTXφ can transmit cholera toxin genes from one V. cholerae strain to another, one form of horizontal gene transfer. The genes for toxin coregulated pilus are coded by the VPI pathogenicity island (VPIφ).
Bacteriophage CTXφ[edit]
CTXφ (also called CTXphi) is a filamentous phage that contains the genes for cholera toxin. Infectious CTXφ particles are produced when V. cholerae infects humans. Phage particles are secreted from bacterial cells without lysis. When CTXφ infects V. cholerae cells, it integrates into specific sites on either chromosome. These sites often contain tandem arrays of integrated CTXφ prophage. In addition to the ctxA and ctxB genes encoding cholera toxin, CTXφ contains eight genes involved in phage reproduction, packaging, secretion, integration, and regulation. The CTXφ genome is 6.9 kb long.[5]
Vibrio pathogenicity island[edit]
The Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI) contains genes primarily involved in the production of toxin coregulated pilus (TCP). It is a large genetic element (~40 kb) flanked by two repetitive regions (att-like sites), resembling a phage genome in structure. The VPI contains two gene clusters, the TCP cluster and the ACF cluster, along with several other genes. The acf cluster is composed of 4 genes: acfABCD. The tcp cluster is composed of 15 genes: tcpABCDEFHIJPQRST and regulatory gene toxT.
Ecology and epidemiology[edit]
The main reservoirs of V. cholerae are people and aquatic sources such as brackish water and estuaries, often in association with copepods or other zooplankton, shellfish, and aquatic plants.
Cholera infections are most commonly acquired from drinking water in which V. cholerae is found naturally or into which it has been introduced from the feces of an infected person. Other common vehicles include contaminated fish and shellfish, produce, or leftover cooked grains that have not been properly reheated. Transmission from person to person, even to health care workers during epidemics, is rarely documented.
Diversity and evolution[edit]
Two serogroups of V. cholerae, O1 and O139, cause outbreaks of cholera. O1 causes the majority of outbreaks, while O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – is confined to South-East Asia. Many other serogroups of V. cholerae, with or without the cholera toxin gene (including the nontoxigenic strains of the O1 and O139 serogroups), can cause a cholera-like illness. Only toxigenic strains of serogroups O1 and O139 have caused widespread epidemics.
V. cholerae O1 has 2 biotypes, classical and El Tor, and each biotype has 2 distinct serotypes, Inaba and Ogawa. The symptoms of infection are indistinguishable, although more people infected with the El Tor biotype remain asymptomatic or have only a mild illness. In recent years, infections with the classical biotype of V. cholerae O1 have become rare and are limited to parts of Bangladesh and India.[6] Recently, new variant strains have been detected in several parts of Asia and Africa. Observations suggest that these strains cause more severe cholera with higher case fatality rates.
Gallery[edit]
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Diagram of the bacterium, V. cholerae
See also[edit]
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Molecular and Cellular Biology portal |
References[edit]
- ^ "Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae". Centre for Disease Control. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ Bentivoglio, M; Pacini, P (1995). "Filippo Pacini: A determined observer". Brain Research Bulletin 38 (2): 161–5. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)00083-Q. PMID 7583342.
- ^ Howard-Jones, N (1984). "Robert Koch and the cholera vibrio: a centenary". BMJ 288 (6414): 379–81. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6414.379. PMC 1444283. PMID 6419937.
- ^ Fraser, Claire M.; Heidelberg, John F.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Nelson, William C.; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Gwinn, Michelle L.; Dodson, Robert J.; Haft, Daniel H. et al. (2000). "DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae". Nature 406 (6795): 477–83. doi:10.1038/35020000. PMID 10952301.
- ^ McLeod, S. M.; Kimsey, H. H.; Davis, B. M.; Waldor, M. K. (2005). "CTXφ and Vibrio cholerae: exploring a newly recognized type of phage-host cell relationship". Molecular Microbiology 57: 347–356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.04676.x. PMID 15978069.
- ^ Siddique, A.K.; Baqui, A.H.; Eusof, A.; Haider, K.; Hossain, M.A.; Bashir, I.; Zaman, K. (1991). "Survival of classic cholera in Bangladesh". The Lancet 337 (8750): 1125–1127. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92789-5.
External links[edit]
- Copepods and cholera in untreated water
- Vibrio cholerae El Tor N16961 Genome Page
- Patho-Genes Homepage
Cholera
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Cholera |
- Symptoms
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Susceptibility
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- History
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Cholera bacteria |
- Vibrio cholerae
- Strains: El Tor
- Discovery: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
- John Snow
- Reverend Henry Whitehead
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Treatment |
- Antibiotics: Tetracycline
- cotrimoxazole
- erythromycin
- doxycycline
- chloramphenicol
- furazolidone
- Fluoroquinolones: norfloxacin
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Outbreaks |
- Cholera pandemics: First cholera pandemic
- Second cholera pandemic
- Third cholera pandemic
- Fourth cholera pandemic
- Fifth cholera pandemic
- Sixth cholera pandemic
- Seventh cholera pandemic
- Other outbreaks: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
- 2007 Iraq cholera outbreak
- 2008 Congo cholera outbreak
- 2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
- 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak
- 2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak
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gr+f/gr+a (t)/gr-p (c)/gr-o
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drug (J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
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Infectious diseases · Bacterial diseases: Proteobacterial G− (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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α |
Rickettsiales
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Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)
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Typhus
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Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus) · Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus)
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Spotted
fever
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Tick-borne
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Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) · Rickettsia conorii (Boutonneuse fever) · Rickettsia japonica (Japanese spotted fever) · Rickettsia sibirica (North Asian tick typhus) · Rickettsia australis (Queensland tick typhus) · Rickettsia honei (Flinders Island spotted fever) · Rickettsia africae (African tick bite fever) · Rickettsia parkeri (American tick bite fever) · Rickettsia aeschlimannii (Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection)
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Mite-borne
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Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) · Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub typhus)
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Flea-borne
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Rickettsia felis (Flea-borne spotted fever)
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Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis) · Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human monocytic ehrlichiosis) · Ehrlichia ewingii (Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection)
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Rhizobiales
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Brucellaceae
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Brucella abortus (Brucellosis)
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Bartonellaceae
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Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae (Cat scratch disease) · Bartonella quintana (Trench fever) · either henselae or quintana (Bacillary angiomatosis) · Bartonella bacilliformis (Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana)
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β |
Neisseriales
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M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus (Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia)
M- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus (Gonorrhea)
ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae (HACEK) · Chromobacterium violaceum (Chromobacteriosis infection)
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Burkholderiales
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Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis) · Burkholderia mallei (Glanders) · Burkholderia cepacia complex · Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis (Pertussis)
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γ |
Enterobacteriales
(OX-)
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Lac+
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Klebsiella pneumoniae (Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia) · Klebsiella granulomatis (Granuloma inguinale) · Klebsiella oxytoca
Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic · Enteroinvasive · Enterohemorrhagic · O157:H7 · O104:H4 (Hemolytic-uremic syndrome)
Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
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Slow/weak
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Serratia marcescens (Serratia infection) · Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
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Lac-
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H2S+
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Salmonella enterica (Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis)
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H2S-
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Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii (Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery) · Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris · Yersinia pestis (Plague/Bubonic plague) · Yersinia enterocolitica · Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
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Pasteurellales
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Haemophilus: H. influenzae (Haemophilus meningitis, Brazilian purpuric fever) · H. ducreyi (Chancroid) H. parainfluenzae (HACEK)
Pasteurella multocida (Pasteurellosis) · Actinobacillus (Actinobacillosis)
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Legionellales
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Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae (Legionellosis) · Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
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Thiotrichales
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Vibrionales
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Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) · Vibrio vulnificus · Vibrio parahaemolyticus · Vibrio alginolyticus · Plesiomonas shigelloides
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Pseudomonadales
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas infection) · Moraxella catarrhalis · Acinetobacter baumannii
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Xanthomonadales
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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Cardiobacterium hominis (HACEK)
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Aeromonadales
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ε |
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gr+f/gr+a (t)/gr-p (c)/gr-o
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drug (J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
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