WordNet

the extremity of the limb in vertebrates (同)pedal extremity
pay for something; "pick up the tab"; "pick up the burden of high-interest mortgages"; "foot the bill" (同)pick
a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard; "he is six feet tall" (同)ft
any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates (同)invertebrate foot
a support resembling a pedal extremity; "one foot of the chair was on the carpet"
travel by walking; "he followed on foot"; "the swiftest of foot"
the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint; "his bare feet projected from his trousers"; "armored from head to foot" (同)human foot, pes
a member of a surveillance team who works on foot or rides as a passenger
the lower part of anything; "curled up on the foot of the bed"; "the foot of the page"; "the foot of the list"; "the foot of the mountain"
add a column of numbers (同)foot up
walk; "lets hoof it to the disco" (同)leg it, hoof, hoof it
a relation that provides the foundation for something; "they were on a friendly footing"; "he worked on an interim basis" (同)basis, ground
status with respect to the relations between people or groups; "on good terms with her in-laws"; "on a friendly footing" (同)terms
having a backbone or spinal column; "fishes and amphibians and reptiles and birds and mammals are verbetrate animals"
animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium (同)craniate
having feet; "footed creatures"; "a footed sofa"
one of the bony segments of the spinal column

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(人間・動物の)『足』(くるぶしから先の部分);(生物体の)足状の部分 / 〈C〉《通例the~》(高い物・長い物の)『足部』,下部,低部《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《通例the foot》(階級・地位などの)最下位《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉『歩み』,足取り / 〈C〉『フィート』(長さの単位で12インチ,30.48センチ) / 〈C〉詩脚(詩における韻律の単位) / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(靴下の)足の部分 / 〈勘定など〉‘を'支払う
《a ~》足もと;足がかり,足場 / 確実な立場,安定した地位,基盤 / (…との)間柄,相互関係《+『with』+『名』》
脊椎(せきつい)動物 / 背骨のある;脊椎動物の
(花びん・ゴブレットなどが)足のついた,足のある / 《複合語を作って》「足が…の」の意を表す
脊椎骨

UpToDate Contents

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1. 糖尿病性足病変の評価 evaluation of the diabetic foot
2. 小児または思春期のアスリートにおける足部痛の臨床的特徴およびマネージメント clinical features and management of foot pain in the child or adolescent athlete
3. Management of diabetic foot ulcers
4. 小児または思春期のアスリートにおける足部および足関節の疼痛評価 evaluation of foot and ankle pain in the child or adolescent athlete
5. 成人における足の痛みの評価と一般的な原因の診断 evaluation and diagnosis of common causes of foot pain in adults

English Journal

Emerging toxicities in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: ocular disorders.

Agustoni F, Platania M, Vitali M, Zilembo N, Haspinger E, Sinno V, Gallucci R, de Braud F, Garassino MC.Author information Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy.AbstractThe treatment of advanced disease (stage IIIb and IV) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is based on systemic treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy or biological compounds depending on the disease molecular profile. In the last few years, intensive investigational efforts in anticancer therapy have led to the registration of new active chemotherapeutic agents, combination regimens, and biological drugs, expanding choices for customizing individual treatment. However, the introduction of new drugs in the clinical setting has led to several new toxicities, creating some difficulties in daily management. Among these, ocular toxicity is generally overlooked as more common toxicities such as myelosuppression, stomatitis, diarrhea, vomiting, "hand-foot syndrome", and neurological alterations attract greater attention. Ophthalmic complications from cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are rare, transient, and of mild/moderate intensity but irreversible acute disorders are possible. The best way to prevent potential irreversible visual complications is an awareness of the potential for ocular toxicity because dose reductions or early drug cessation can prevent serious ocular complications in the majority of cases. However, given the novelty of many therapeutic agents and the complexity of ocular pathology, oncologists may be unfamiliar with these adverse effects of anticancer therapy. Although toxicities from chemotherapy are generally intense but short lasting, toxicities related to targeted drugs are often milder but longer lasting and can persist throughout treatment. Here we review the principal clinical presentations of ocular toxicity arising from chemotherapy [1-3], target therapies [4], and newly developed drugs and provide some recommendations for monitoring and management of ocular toxicity.
Cancer treatment reviews.Cancer Treat Rev.2014 Feb;40(1):197-203. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 Jul 10.
The treatment of advanced disease (stage IIIb and IV) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is based on systemic treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy or biological compounds depending on the disease molecular profile. In the last few years, intensive investigational efforts in anticancer thera
PMID 23850197

Strike Fast, Strike Hard: The Red-Throated Caracara Exploits Absconding Behavior of Social Wasps during Nest Predation.

McCann S1, Moeri O1, Jones T1, Scott C1, Khaskin G1, Gries R1, O'Donnell S2, Gries G1.Author information 1Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.2Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.AbstractRed-throated Caracaras Ibycter americanus (Falconidae) are specialist predators of social wasps in the Neotropics. It had been proposed that these caracaras possess chemical repellents that allow them to take the brood of wasp nests without being attacked by worker wasps. To determine how caracaras exploit nests of social wasps and whether chemical repellents facilitate predation, we: (1) video recorded the birds attacking wasp nests; (2) analyzed surface extracts of the birds' faces, feet, and feathers for potential chemical repellents; and (3) inflicted mechanical damage on wasp nests to determine the defensive behavior of wasps in response to varying levels of disturbance. During caracara predation events, two species of large-bodied wasps mounted stinging attacks on caracaras, whereas three smaller-bodied wasp species did not. The "hit-and-run" predation tactic of caracaras when they attacked nests of large and aggressive wasps reduced the risk of getting stung. Our data reveal that the predation strategy of caracaras is based on mechanical disturbance of, and damage to, target wasp nests. Caracara attacks and severe experimental disturbance of nests invariably caused wasps to abscond (abandon their nests). Two compounds in caracara foot extracts [sulcatone and iridodial] elicited electrophysiological responses from wasp antennae, and were also present in defensive secretions of sympatric arboreal-nesting Azteca ants. These compounds appear not to be wasp repellents but to be acquired coincidentally by caracaras when they perch on trees inhabited with Azteca ants. We conclude that caracara predation success does not depend on wasp repellents but relies on the absconding response that is typical of swarm-founding polistine wasps. Our study highlights the potential importance of vertebrate predators in the ecology and evolution of social wasps.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Dec 26;8(12):e84114. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084114.
Red-throated Caracaras Ibycter americanus (Falconidae) are specialist predators of social wasps in the Neotropics. It had been proposed that these caracaras possess chemical repellents that allow them to take the brood of wasp nests without being attacked by worker wasps. To determine how caracaras
PMID 24386338

Fear learning enhances neural responses to threat-predictive sensory stimuli.

Kass MD, Rosenthal MC, Pottackal J, McGann JP.Author information Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.AbstractThe central nervous system rapidly learns that particular stimuli predict imminent danger. This learning is thought to involve associations between neutral and harmful stimuli in cortical and limbic brain regions, though associative neuroplasticity in sensory structures is increasingly appreciated. We observed the synaptic output of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in individual mice before and after they learned that a particular odor indicated an impending foot shock. OSNs are the first cells in the olfactory system, physically contacting the odor molecules in the nose and projecting their axons to the brain's olfactory bulb. OSN output evoked by the shock-predictive odor was selectively facilitated after fear conditioning. These results indicate that affective information about a stimulus can be encoded in its very earliest representation in the nervous system.
Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1389-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1244916.
The central nervous system rapidly learns that particular stimuli predict imminent danger. This learning is thought to involve associations between neutral and harmful stimuli in cortical and limbic brain regions, though associative neuroplasticity in sensory structures is increasingly appreciated.
PMID 24337299

Japanese Journal

.BETA.-Cytoplasmic actin localization in vertebrate glomerular podocytes

Ichimura Koichiro,Kurihara Hidetake,Sakai Tatsuo
Archives of Histology and Cytology 72(3), 165-174, 2009
… The unique cytoarchitecture of glomerular podocytes is conserved in vertebrate evolution. … The present study examined the expression and subcellular distribution of the β-cytoplasmic actin (β-actin) isoform in the podocytes of six vertebrate species by means of immunohistochemical techniques to reveal whether the β-actin isoform is involved in the formation of podocyte cytoarchitecture throughout vertebrates. …
NAID 130004780540

An Ultrastructural and Biochemical Study of Foot Structure in "Catch" Smooth Muscle Cells of a Clam

Notsu Eiji,Matsuno Akira
Cell Structure and Function 29(2), 43-48, 2004
… The foot structure of molluscan (clam) catch muscle cells was studied from the structural and biochemical standpoints. … In vertebrate cross striated muscle cells, foot structures are situated in the interspaces between T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticula (SRs). … By contrast, T-tubules were not observed in clam catch muscle cells, but foot structures were ultrastructurally identified in the interspaces between the SRs and cell membranes. …
NAID 130004137484

Foot Structure and Foot Protein in the Cross Striated Muscle of a Pecten.

Abe Takashi,Ishida Hideki,Matsuno Akira
Cell Structure and Function 22(1), 21-26, 1997
… The foot-like structure of pecten (mollusk) cross striated muscle cells was studied from structural and biochemical standpoints, and compared with foot structures of vertebrate skeletal muscle cells. … In vertebrate muscles, foot structures have been observed at the interspace between T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticula (SR). …
NAID 130003512985