関: ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei、ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus、ventromedial hypothalamus、VMH

WordNet

a special situation; "this thing has got to end"; "it is a remarkable thing"
a separate and self-contained entity
an action; "how could you do such a thing?"
an artifact; "how does this thing work?"
an entity that is not named specifically; "I couldnt tell what the thing was"
any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence; "the thing I like about her is ..."
a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion; "he has a thing about seafood"; "she has a thing about him"
a special abstraction; "a thing of the spirit"; "things of the heart"
a special objective; "the thing is to stay in bounds"
a statement regarded as an object; "to say the same thing in other terms"; "how can you say such a thing?"
an event; "a funny thing happened on the way to the..."
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(形のある)『物』,物体;(生物に対しての)『無生物』 / 〈C〉(形のない)『もの』,事,事柄,でき事 / 《複数形で》事情,事態,状勢,状況 / 《複数形で》(すべての)事物,事柄 / 《通例 the~》(努力・活動などの)目的,目標 / 〈C〉衣服,衣類・《one's things》持ち物,所持品,身の回り品 / 《複数形で》道具,用具・〈C〉《親愛・哀れみ・軽べつなどの感情をこめて》人,者,やつ / 《the~》《話》(…の)流行《+in+名》
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
《前述の名詞または文脈でそれと分かる名詞に付けて》『その』,あの,名の / 《唯一の事物に付けて》 / 《方角・自然現象に付けて》 / 《用具・楽器・特定の病気などに付けて》 / 《修飾吾[句]を伴う名詞に付けて》 / 《単数普通名詞に付けて》(1)《種族全体》…『というもの』 / 《複数名詞または集合名詞に付けて》 / 《単位》『…につき;…単位[で]』 / 《身体の一部に付けて,所有格に代わる》 / 《形容詞に付けて》 / 《固有名詞に付けて》 / 《強意用法に》『随一の』,典型的な / 《「the+比較級,the+比較級」の形で》『…すればするほどそれだけ』 / 《比較級の前に》(…につれて,のために)『それだけ』,ますます
中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/18 23:23:29」(JST)

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The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN, also sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus, VMH) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. "The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a distinct morphological nucleus involved in feeding, fear, thermoregulation, and sexual activity."^[1] This nuclear region is involved with the recognition of the feeling of fullness.

Structure

It has four subdivisions:

anterior (VMHa)
dorsomedial (VMHdm)
ventrolateral (VMHvl)
central (VMHc).

These subdivisions differ anatomically, neurochemically, and behaviorally.

Function

The ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is most commonly associated with satiety. Early studies showed that VMN lesions caused over-eating and obesity in rats. However, the interpretation of these experiments was summarily discredited when Gold's research demonstrated that precision lesioning of the VMN did not result in hyperphagia.^[2] Nevertheless, numerous studies have shown that the immediacy of hyperphagia and obesity syndrome are a consequence of VMN lesions or procaine injections, and point to the VMN's role in satiety.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] A major review of the subject in 2006 concluded that, "anatomical studies done both before and after Gold's study did not replicate his results with lesions, and in nearly every published direct comparison of VMH lesions vs. PVN or VNAB lesions, the group with VMH lesions ate substantially more food and gained twice as much weight."^[10] This strongly substantiates the classification of VMN as the primary satiety center in the hypothalamus.

It has also been found that lesions to the VMH in rats caused increased plasma insulin levels. Rats with a VMH lesion compared to normal rats overproduce a circulating satiety factor, to which the control rats can respond and rats with a VMH lesion cannot respond. A lesion to the VMH makes rats overproduce leptin, which they cannot respond to causing them to over eat, leading to obesity.^[11]

Two researchers, Heterington and Ranson, looked at series of twenty-one animals of various degrees of adiposity, with respect to growth appearance, fat distribution, general physical condition, and the correlation between the level of adiposity attained and the correlation of the hypothalamic lesion. Lesions in the hypothalamic area, particularly the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus interrupts a large number of the descending fibers from the hypothalamic cell groups that were found to contribute to obesity in rats.^[12]

Taylor and Jamshi found that there seems to be a higher concentration of cannabinoid receptor mRNA within the VMH in comparison to other nuclei within the hypothalamus. The cannabinoid ingestion has been linked to rewarding processes, and also with the release of dopamine in the brain.^[13]

VMH is also important in mammal play behaviour. Lesions to VMH along with the hippocampus, amygdala, the cerebellum, and the lateral hypothalamus are all linked to reduced play ^[14]

The VMHdm has a role in the male vocalizations and scent marking behaviors.^[15]^[16]^[17]

The VMHvl plays a role in sexual behaviors in females (lordosis), thus stimulating their sexual arousal.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Bilateral FOS expression in the VMH after repeated seizures is associated with alteration in the severity of flurothyl induced seizures in C57BL/6J mice that are not present in DBA/2J mice.^[22]

References

^ Kurrasch, D., & Cheung, C. (2007). The neonatal ventromedial hypothalamus transcriptome reveals novel markers with spatially distinct patterning" The Journal of Neuroscience 27(50), Retrieved from http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/50/13624.full.pdf
^ Gold, R.M. (1973). "Hypothalamic Obesity: The myth of the ventromedial nucleus". Science 182: 488–490. doi:10.1126/science.182.4111.488.
^ Balagura, S.; Devenport, L.D. (1970). "Feeding patterns of normal and ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned male and female rats". J. Comp Physiol Psychol 71: 357–364. doi:10.1037/h0029118.
^ Becker, E.E.; Kissileff, H.R. (1974). "Inhibitory controls of feeding by the ventromedial hypothalamus". Am J Physiol 226: 383–396.
^ Berthoud, H.R.; Jeanrenaud, B. (1979). "Changes in insulinemia, glycemia and feeding behavior induced by VMH-procainization in the rat". Brain Res 174: 184–187. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90816-3.
^ Brooks, C.M.; Lockwood, R.A.; Wiggins, M.L. (1946). "A study of the effects of hypothalamic lesions on the eating habits of the albino rat". Am J Physiol 147: 735–741.
^ Epstein, A.N. (1960). "Reciprocal changes in feeding behavior produced by intrahypothalamic chemical injections". Am J Physiol 199: 969–974.
^ Larkin, R.P. (1975). "Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic procaine injections on feeding, lever pressing, and other behavior in the rat". J Comp Physiol Psychol 89: 1100–1108. doi:10.1037/h0077192.
^ Maes, H. (1980). "Time course of feeding induced by pentobarbital-injections into the rat's VMH". Physiol Behav 24: 1107–1114. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90055-4.
^ King, Bruce M. (February 2006). "The rise, fall and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight". J Physiol Behav 87 (2): 221–244. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.007.
^ {{ SATOH, N., & OGAWA, Y. (1997). Pathophysiological significance of the obese gene product, leptin, in ventromedial hypothalamus (vmh)- lesioned rats: Evidence for loss of its satiety effect in vmh-lesioned rats*. Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 138(3), 847-150. Retrieved from http://endo.endojournals.org/content/138/3/947.full.pdf html}}
^ {{ Hetherinton , A., & Ranson, S. (n.d.). The relation of various hypothalamic lesions to adiposity in the rat. Institute of Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, 477-481. Retrieved from https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/download/attachments/74844947/rathypothalamus.pdf }}
^ Jamshidi, N; Taylor, DA (2001). "Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats". Br. J. Pharmacol. 134: 1151–4. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704379. PMC 1573067. PMID 11704633.
^ "The psychobiology of play: Theoretical and methodological perspectives". Neuroscience 8: 465–492. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8.
^ Yahr and Green, 1992
^ Flanagan-Cato et al. 2001
^ Harding and McGinnis, 2005
^ Kow and Pfaff, 1998
^ Christensen et al., 1977
^ Pfaff and Sakuma, 1979
^ Matsumoto and Yamanouchi, 2000
^ Kadiyala et al.

Further References

Dugger, et al. (2007). Androgen receptors are required for full masculinization of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in rats.
Storlien, L.; Albert, D. (1972). "The effect of vmh lesions, lateral cuts and anterior cuts on food intake, activity level, food motivation, and reactivity to taste". Physiology & Behavior 9 (2): 191–192. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(72)90234-x.
Carlson, N. (2010). Physiology of behavior. (10 ed., pp. 355–357). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

External links

Diagram of Ventromedial motor tract at lemoyne.edu
New Scientist: Seat of female libido revealed (June 26, 2006)

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「VMH」「ventromedial hypothalamus」「ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei」「ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus」
関連記事	「thing」「ventromedial nucleus」「ventromedial」

「VMH」

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
	Ventromedial nucleus is 'VM', at center, in green.
Details
Part of	Hypothalamus
Artery	Basilar
Identifiers
Latin	nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
MeSH	A08.186.211.730.385.357.352.953
NeuroNames	hier-381
NeuroLex ID	Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12584102
TA	A14.1.08.928
FMA	62332
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]