WordNet

support on poles; "pole climbing plants like beans"
deoxidize molten metals by stirring them with a wooden pole
one of the two ends of a magnet where the magnetism seems to be concentrated (同)magnetic_pole
a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic
a long fiberglass sports implement used for pole vaulting
one of two points of intersection of the Earths axis and the celestial sphere (同)celestial pole
one of two antipodal points where the Earths axis of rotation intersects the Earths surface
one of two divergent or mutually exclusive opinions; "they are at opposite poles"; "they are poles apart"
(of reproduction) characterized by asexual processes (同)vegetative
composed of vegetation or plants; "regions rich in vegetal products"; "vegetational cover"; "the decaying vegetative layer covering a forest floor" (同)vegetational, vegetative
a native or inhabitant of Poland

PrepTutorEJDIC

(木製・金属性などの)『棒』,さお / 柱 / (牛車・馬車の)ながえ / ボール(長さの単位,5.03メートル;面積の単位,25.3平方メートル) / …‘を'棒で動かす(押す,突く,たたく)
(地球などの)『極』 / 電極;磁極;(核・細胞などの)極 / (性格・意見などの)相反対
野菜の,植物[性]の
ポーランド人
《話》政治家

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/22 22:50:53」(JST)

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An oocyte with poles depicted

In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula.

The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself, forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation.

The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal pole above it. In some cases, the vegetal pole is thought to differentiate into the extraembryonic membranes that protect and nourish the developing embryo, such as the placenta in mammals and the chorion in birds.

The development of the animal-vegetal axis occurs prior to fertilisation.^[1] Sperm entry can occur anywhere in the animal hemisphere.^[2] The point of sperm entry defines the dorso-ventral axis - cells opposite the region of sperm entry will eventually form the dorsal portion of the body.^[1]^[3]

In the frog Xenopus laevis, a pigment pattern provides the oocyte with features of a radially symmetrical body with a distinct polarity. The animal hemisphere is dark brown, and the vegetal hemisphere is only weakly pigmented. The axis of symmetry passes through on one side the animal pole, and on the other side the vegetal pole. The two hemispheres are separated by an unpigmented equatorial belt. Polarity has a major influence on the mergence of the embryonic structures. In fact, the axis polarity serves as one coordinate of geometrical system in which early embryogenesis is organised.^[4]

Naming

The animal pole draws its name from its liveliness relative to the slowly developing vegetal pole. Hence the vegetal pole is named for its relative inactivity relative to the animal pole.

References

^ ^a ^b Gilbert SF. Developmental Biology. 6th edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. Early Amphibian Development. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10113/
^ Wolpert, Lewis; Tickle, Cheryll; Martinez Arias, Alfonso (2015). Principles of Development (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 149. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ Angerer, Lynne M.; Angerer, Robert C. (February 2000). "Animal–Vegetal Axis Patterning Mechanisms in the Early Sea Urchin Embryo". Developmental Biology 218 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1006/dbio.1999.9553. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ P. Hausen, M. Riebesell: The Early Embryonic Development of Xenopus Laevis - An Atlas of the Histology ISBN 3-921ö15-ö4-9

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Predictive quality of 26 pesticide risk indicators and one flow model: A multisite assessment for water contamination.

Pierlot F1, Marks-Perreau J2, Réal B2, Carluer N3, Constant T4, Lioeddine A4, van Dijk P5, Villerd J6, Keichinger O7, Cherrier R8, Bockstaller C9.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2017 Dec 15;605-606:655-665. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.112. Epub 2017 Jul 1.
PMID 28675875

Rac1 signalling coordinates epiboly movement by differential regulation of actin cytoskeleton in zebrafish.

Li YL1, Shao M1, Shi DL2.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2017 Aug 26;490(3):1059-1065. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.165. Epub 2017 Jun 28.
PMID 28668387

A Conserved Role for VEGF Signaling in Specification of Homologous Mesenchymal Cell Types Positioned at Spatially Distinct Developmental Addresses in Early Development of Sea Urchins.

Erkenbrack EM1,2, Petsios E3.
Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution.J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol.2017 Jul;328(5):423-432. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22743. Epub 2017 May 23.
PMID 28544452

Japanese Journal

Possible involvement of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 in zebrafish oocyte maturation as a novel cyclin B1 mRNA-binding protein that represses the translation in immature oocytes

Takahashi Kazuki,Kotani Tomoya,Katsu Yoshinao,Yamashita Masakane
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 448(1), 22-27, 2014-05-23
… We report that insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3), which was initially described as a protein bound to Vg1 mRNA localized to the vegetal pole of Xenopus oocytes, binds to the 3' UTR of cyclin B1 mRNA that localizes to the animal pole of zebrafish oocytes. …
NAID 120005457022

The origin and migration of primordial germ cells in sturgeons

Saito Taiju,Pšenička Martin,Goto Rie,Adachi Shinji,Inoue Kunio,Arai Katsutoshi,Yamaha Etsuro
PLoS ONE 9(2), e86861, 2014-02-05
… Using this technique, we demonstrate that the PGCs are generated at the vegetal pole of the egg and they migrate on the yolky cell mass toward the gonadal ridge. …
NAID 120005372288

The cell sorting process of Xenopus gastrula cells progresses in a stepwise fashion involving concentrification and polarization

Harata Ayano,松崎貴,尾崎浩一,猪原節之介
CellBio 2(2), 54-63, 2013-06
… Animal pole cells (AC) and vegetal pole cells (VC) dissociated from early Xenopus gastrulae were intermingled, and the cell sorting process occurring within the aggregate was analyzed. …
NAID 120005656424