WordNet

an exemption that displaces the privilege against self-incrimination; neither compelled testimony or any fruits of it can be used against the witness who therefore can no longer fear self-incrimination (同)testimonial immunity
seek or achieve an end by using to ones advantage; "She uses her influential friends to get jobs"; "The presidents wife used her good connections"
the act of using; "he warned against the use of narcotic drugs"; "skilled in the utilization of computers" (同)usage, utilization, utilisation, employment, exercise
a particular service; "he put his knowledge to good use"; "patrons have their uses"
(law) the exercise of the legal right to enjoy the benefits of owning property; "we were given the use of his boat" (同)enjoyment
use up, consume fully; "The legislature expended its time on school questions" (同)expend
take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely" (同)habituate
put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose; "use your head!"; "we only use Spanish at home"; "I cant use this tool"; "Apply a magnetic field here"; "This thinking was applied to many projects"; "How do you utilize this tool?"; "I apply this rule to get good results"; "use the plastic bags to store the food"; "He doesnt know how to use a computer" (同)utilize, utilise, apply, employ
habitually do something (use only in the past tense); "She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally"; "I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall"; "They used to vacation in the Bahamas"
(medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease (同)resistance
the quality of being unaffected by something; "immunity to criticism"
(chiefly British) of or appropriate to the upper classes especially in language use

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈道具など〉‘を'『使う』,用いる / …‘を'『費す』,消費する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人など〉‘を'『扱う』 / …‘を'自分の都合のいいように合用する / 〈U〉『使用』,利用 / 〈U〉『役に立つこと』,効用,利益(usefulness) / 〈U〉使う必要(場合),使用する機会,入り用 / 〈C〉〈U〉使用の目的,用途 / 〈U〉使用する権利 / 〈U〉使い方 / 〈U〉(身体などを)使う能力
〈U〉(病気に対する)免疫《+『from』(『to, against』)+『名』》 / (義務・税などの)免除《+『from』(『to, against』)+『名』》
『使い古しの』,使用した
(…に)『慣れている』《+to+名(doing)》
『…するのが常だった』,よく…したものだ / 『以前は…した』
《we の目的格》『我々を(に)』,『私たちを(に)』

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/04 12:52:19」(JST)

wiki en

"Immunity from prosecution" redirects here. For a prosecutor's immunity against liability for official acts, see Qualified immunity. For other forms of legal immunity see Immunity (disambiguation)#Law.

Witness immunity from prosecution occurs when a prosecutor grants immunity to a witness in exchange for testimony or production of other evidence. It is immunity because the prosecutor essentially agrees to never prosecute the crime that the witness might have committed in exchange for said evidence.

In the United States, the prosecution may grant immunity in one of two forms. Transactional immunity, colloquially known as "blanket" or "total" immunity, completely protects the witness from future prosecution for crimes related to his or her testimony. Use and derivative use immunity prevents the prosecution only from using the witness's own testimony or any evidence derived from the testimony against the witness. However, should the prosecutor acquire evidence substantiating the supposed crime—independently of the witness's testimony—the witness may then be prosecuted for the crime. While prosecutors at the state level may offer a witness either transactional or use and derivative use immunity, at the federal level, use and derivative use immunity is quite common.^{[citation needed]}

Grand Jury testimony in the United States

Witnesses compelled by subpoena to appear before a grand jury are entitled to receive immunity in exchange for their testimony. The grant of immunity impairs the witness's right to invoke the Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination as a legal basis for refusing to testify. Per 18 U.S.C. § 6002, if a witness who has been granted immunity nevertheless refuses to offer testimony he or she may be held in contempt of the court that issued the subpoena. In addition, grand jury witnesses may be prosecuted for perjury or making false statements in their testimony.

In Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972), the Supreme Court confronted the issue of which type of immunity, use or transactional, is constitutionally required in order to compel testimony. The Court ruled that the grant of use and derivative use immunity is sufficient.

Despite the ruling in Kastigar, the type of immunity required to compel testimony depends on the law of the applicable jurisdiction. Many states, such as New York, do more than the United States Constitution requires and mandate that transactional immunity be accorded to compelled witnesses.^[1]

In states where a defendant has a right to testify on their own behalf at a grand jury proceeding, waiver of immunity is invariably a condition of that right.

References

^ http://www.abanet.org/media/faqjury.html

UpToDate Contents

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1. 自然免疫系の概要 an overview of the innate immune system
2. 新生児の免疫 immunity of the newborn
3. 体液性免疫応答 the humoral immune response
4. 免疫系の臨床検査評価 laboratory evaluation of the immune system
5. 適応細胞性免疫応答 the adaptive cellular immune response

English Journal

Activation of B cells by a dendritic cell-targeted oral vaccine.

Sahay B, Owen JL, Yang T, Zadeh M, Lightfoot YL, Ge JW, Mohamadzadeh M.Author information Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW16th Ave, Building 1017, Room: V3-149, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA. m.zadeh@ufl.edu.AbstractProduction of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody response by mediating the differentiation of B cells into memory or plasma cells after exposure to T cell-dependent antigens. It is now appreciated that local immune responses are also essential for protection against infectious diseases that gain entry to the host by the mucosal route; therefore, targeting the mucosal compartments is the optimum strategy to induce protective immunity. However, because the gastrointestinal mucosae are exposed to large amounts of environmental and dietary antigens on a daily basis, immune regulatory mechanisms exist to favor tolerance and discourage autoimmunity at these sites. Thus, mucosal vaccination strategies must ensure that the immunogen is efficiently taken up by the antigen presenting cells, and that the vaccine is capable of activating humoral and cellular immunity, while avoiding the induction of tolerance. Despite significant progress in mucosal vaccination, this potent platform for immunotherapy and disease prevention must be further explored and refined. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of the role of different phenotypes of B cells in the development of an efficacious mucosal vaccine against infectious disease.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):867-77.
Production of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody respo
PMID 24372255

Friendly pathogens: prevent or provoke autoimmunity.

Sathyabama S, Khan N, Agrewala JN.Author information CSIR Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India.AbstractThe gut microflora is an immense health asset for human beings. The mammalian gut harbors trillions of commensals. These microbes not only modulate local but also systemic immunity. Recently, various reports are evolving, which signify that the gut microbes can modulate, tune and tame the host immune response. Consequently, it advocates the significance of the microbial composition. Further, the microbiota provides a fine equilibrium to host by regulating immune homeostasis. Furthermore, disturbance in this population can incite imbalance in immune system, leading to molecular mimicry and therefore autoimmunity. Hence, it is imperative to understand the influence of these bugs in preventing or provoking immune system against the self-components. In this article, we highlight the interaction between different gut microbes and cells of immune system and the mechanism involved in controlling and curtailing various autoimmune diseases.
Critical reviews in microbiology.Crit Rev Microbiol.2014 Aug;40(3):273-80. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2013.787043. Epub 2013 May 21.
The gut microflora is an immense health asset for human beings. The mammalian gut harbors trillions of commensals. These microbes not only modulate local but also systemic immunity. Recently, various reports are evolving, which signify that the gut microbes can modulate, tune and tame the host immun
PMID 23688247

Cytokine networking of innate immunity cells: a potential target of therapy.

Striz I, Brabcova E, Kolesar L, Sekerkova A.Author information *Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9 Prague, Czech Republic.AbstractInnate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL (interleukin)-1 and TNF (tumour necrosis factor) families initiate the cascade of events by inducing chemokine release from bystander cells and by the up-regulation of adhesion molecules required for transendothelial trafficking of immune cells. Furthermore, innate cytokines produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells and innate lymphoid cells seem to play a critical role in polarization of helper T-cell cytokine profiles into specific subsets of Th1/Th2/Th17 effector cells or regulatory T-cells. Lastly, the innate immune system down-regulates effector mechanisms and restores homoeostasis in injured tissue via cytokines from the IL-10 and TGF (transforming growth factor) families mainly released from macrophages, preferentially the M2 subset, which have a capacity to induce regulatory T-cells, inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce healing of the tissue by regulating extracellular matrix protein deposition and angiogenesis. Cytokines produced by innate immune cells represent an attractive target for therapeutic intervention, and multiple molecules are currently being tested clinically in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic diseases, autoinflammatory syndromes, fibrosing processes or malignancies. In addition to the already widely used blockers of TNFα and the tested inhibitors of IL-1 and IL-6, multiple therapeutic molecules are currently in clinical trials targeting TNF-related molecules [APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and BAFF (B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family)], chemokine receptors, IL-17, TGFβ and other cytokines.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 May 1;126(9):593-612. doi: 10.1042/CS20130497.
Innate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL (interleukin)-1 and TNF (tumour necrosis factor) families initiate the cascade of events by inducing chemokine release from
PMID 24450743

Japanese Journal

Use of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in Diets of Broiler Chickens : Effects on Growth Performance, Immunity and Bone Calcification

Gomez-Verduzco Gabriela,Morales-Lopez Rene,Avila-Gozalez Ernesto
Journal of poultry science 50(1), 60-64, 2013-01
NAID 40019552786

悪性グリオーマに対するウイルス療法

伊藤元一,藤堂具紀
Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 22(8), 613-618, 2013
腫瘍細胞のみで増殖し, 腫瘍細胞のみを死滅させる単純ヘルペスウイルスI型 (herpes simplex virus type 1 : HSV-1) を用いたウイルス療法は, 次世代のがん治療法として期待される. 第二世代がん治療用ウイルス (G207) は, 米国で悪性グリオーマを対象に第I相臨床試験が行われ, 脳腫瘍内投与の安全性が確認された. G207の安全性を維持しつつ, 腫瘍細胞におけ …
NAID 130003379650

急性GVHDの基礎と臨床

前田嘉信
Journal of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation 2(1), 12-24, 2013
近年，移植前治療として行われる大量抗癌剤や放射線を減量することによって，従来では不可能であった高齢者への移植が可能となっている。加えて，HLA不一致移植の普及に伴い移植件数は年々増加しており，GVHD制御の重要性はさらに高まっている。しかしHLA一致同胞間移植においても致死的GVHDの発生を完全にコントロールできておらず，また，ステロイド治療抵抗性GVHDへのアプローチは手探りの状態と言っても過言 …
NAID 130003379435