upper motor neuron lesion

核上性病変

WordNet

1. the topmost one of two
2. piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; "Uppers come in many styles"
3. higher in place or position; "the upper bunk"; "in the upper center of the picture"; "the upper stories"
4. superior in rank or accomplishment; "the upper half of the class"
5. machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion
6. a nonspecific agent that imparts motion; "happiness is the aim of all men and the motor of all action"
7. any localized abnormal structural change in a bodily part
8. the act of driving an automobile

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (場所・位置が)『上のほうの』,上部の / 『上級の』,上位の / 奥地の,上流の / 靴の甲皮(こうがわ)(かかとより上の部分) / 覚醒剤（これの反意語はdowner：鎮静剤）
2. (電気の)『モーター』,電動機 / エンジン,(特に)内燃機関 / 《英》自動車(motorcar) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》 / モーターの;エンジンの;自動車の / モーター(エンジン)による,自動車による / (神経・筋肉について)運動の / 自動車で行く / …‘を'自動車で運ぶ
3. 傷害,傷 / (体の組織や機能の)障害
4. 自動車運転〈技術〉,ドライブ
5. 神経単位,神経細胞,ニューロン,ノイロン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/19 19:49:50」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Upper motor neuron lesion
The motor tract.
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB	27852

An upper motor neuron lesion (also known as pyramidal insufficiency) is a lesion of the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord or motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. This is in contrast to a lower motor neuron lesion, which affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant muscle(s).

Upper motor neuron lesions occur in conditions affecting motor neurons in the brain or spinal cord such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.

Symptoms

Changes in muscle performance can be broadly described as the upper motor neuron syndrome. These changes vary depending on the site and the extent of the lesion, and may include:

• Muscle weakness. A pattern of weakness in the extensors (upper limbs) or flexors (lower limbs), is known as 'pyramidal weakness'
• Decreased control of active movement, particularly slowness
• Spasticity, a velocity-dependent change in muscle tone
• Clasp-knife response where initial higher resistance to movement is followed by a lesser resistance
• Babinski sign is present, where the big toe is raised (extended) rather than curled downwards (flexed) upon appropriate stimulation of the sole of the foot. The presence of the Babinski sign is an abnormal response in adulthood. Normally, during the plantar reflex, it causes plantar flexion and the adduction of the toes. In Babinski's sign, there is dorsiflexion of the big toe and abduction of the other toes. Physiologically, it is normally present in infants from birth to 12 months. The presence of the Babinski sign after 12 months is the sign of a non-specific upper motor neuron lesion.
• Increased deep tendon reflex (DTR)
• Pronator drift

Corticospinal/pyramidal tract

These are the neural tracts which descend in the lateral grey columns of the spinal cord, carrying signals for voluntary movement of skeletal muscle. These nerve fibers usually originate in the primary motor cortex, pass via the corona radiata to gather in the internal capsule before crossing over to the opposite side (decussation) in the medullary pyramids and proceeding down the spinal cord to meet lower motor neurons in the anterior grey column.

See also

• Upper motor neuron
• Lower motor neuron
• Lower motor neuron lesion

References

External links

• http://www.med.yale.edu/caim/cnerves/cn7/cn7_13.html
• http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch3/s8ch3_34.htm

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 筋力低下患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with muscle weakness
• 2. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症およびその他の運動ニューロン疾患の臨床的特徴 clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
• 3. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
• 4. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症およびその他の運動ニューロン疾患の診断 diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
• 5. 家族性筋萎縮性側索硬化症 familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

English Journal

• High resolution muscle measurements provide insights into equinus contractures in patients with cerebral palsy.

• Mathewson MA1, Ward SR, Chambers HG, Lieber RL.
• Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.J Orthop Res.2015 Jan;33(1):33-9. doi: 10.1002/jor.22728. Epub 2014 Sep 19.
• Muscle contractures that occur after upper motor neuron lesion are often surgically released or lengthened. However, surgical manipulation of muscle length changes a muscle's sarcomere length (Ls ), which can affect force production. To predict effects of surgery, both macro- (fascicle length (Lf ))
• PMID 25242618

• Motor unit number estimation and quantitative needle electromyography in stroke patients.

• Kouzi I1, Trachani E1, Anagnostou E1, Rapidi CA2, Ellul J1, Sakellaropoulos GC3, Chroni E4.
• Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.J Electromyogr Kinesiol.2014 Sep 28. pii: S1050-6411(14)00193-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.09.006. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of upper motor neuron damage upon motor units' function by means of two separate and supplementary electrophysiological methods.METHODS: The abductor digiti minimi muscle of the non-paretic and the paretic side was studied in forty-six stroke patients with (a) motor
• PMID 25304197

• Data condensed synthesis regarding kinesiotherapeutic procedures used in spasticity therapy.

• Moraru E1, Onose G2.
• Journal of medicine and life.J Med Life.2014 Sep 15;7(3):317-321. Epub 2014 Sep 25.
• Spasticity represents an important feature of the upper motoneuron syndrome (UMNS). The clinical signs, such as the abnormal movement models, the unwanted muscular co-contractions, the muscular and joint rigidity with a consecutive deformity can be signs of spasticity and, also of upper motoneuron l
• PMID 25408747

Japanese Journal

• 顔面麻痺症候学再考(神経内科学教室岩田誠教授退任記念特別号)

• 岩田 誠,IWATA Makoto
• 東京女子医科大学雑誌 78(臨時増刊号), E6-E9, 2008-02-25
• … According to the classical textbooks of neurological semeiology, unilateral facial paralysis due to upper motor neuron damage is characterized by the sparing of frontal muscle of the involved side. … However, a small lesion affecting the facial nucleus at the level of pontine tegmentum which causes lower motor neuron type facial paralysis also spares the frontal muscle. …
• NAID 110007524774

• 中枢神経障害の下位運動ニューロン障害

• 原 行弘
• リハビリテーション医学 : 日本リハビリテーション医学会誌 37(1), 43-52, 2000-01-18
• … A number of published investigations have shown that pathological spontaneous activity can occur in electromyographic studies in upper motor neuron lesions. … There have been some reports that the decrease of hemiplegic side M-potential reflects the drop of motor unit numbers. …
• NAID 110001864833

• Dysarthria associated with focal unilateral upper motor neuron lesion

• HARTMAN D. E.
• European Journal of Disorders Communication 27, 187-196, 1992
• NAID 10007697317

Related Links

• Lesions of Upper Motor Neurons and Lower Motor Neurons ...

All the neurons contributing to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems should be called upper motor neurons (UMN). The anterior horn cells and the related neurons in the motor nuclei of some cranial nerves are called lower motor ...

• Upper versus lower motor neurone signs - Welcome â ...

Upper versus lower motor neurone signs One of the key skills in the neurological examination is being able to distinguish between upper and lower motor neurone signs and understanding the significance of these findings. Just to ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「核上性病変」「上位運動ニューロン障害」
関連記事	「lesion」「motor」「neuro」「upper」

「核上性病変」

　　[★]

英

supranuclear lesion

同

上位運動ニューロン病変 upper motor neuron lesion

関

上位運動ニューロン

• 運動ニューロンを「核」と考えて、その上位ニューロンの病変。
• 大脳皮質と脳幹部または脊髄との間に起こった下行性運動神経路の病変。

-supranuclear lesion

「上位運動ニューロン障害」

　　[★]

英

upper motor neuron lesion UMNL

関

上位運動ニューロン

「lesion」

　　[★]

• n.

• 病変、破壊、傷害

• v.

• 破壊する、障害する

関

abolish、barrier、break、damage、destroy、destruction、difficulty、dismantle、disorder、disrupt、disruptant、disruption、disturbance、dysfunction、foe、hindrance、impair、impairment、impediment、injury、insult、obstacle、rupture、subversion、subvert

　 　

「motor」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 運動の

• n.

• モーター

関

exercise、kinesis、locomote、locomotive、motility、motion、move、movement

　 　 　

「neuro」

　　[★]

• comb form.

• ニューロ、神経

関

nerve、nervi、nervous、nervus、neural、neuron

「upper」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 上部の

関

upper part