WordNet

fire for which the point of impact (the bursts) cannot be observed
drive out or away by or as if by fire; "The soldiers were fired"; "Surrender fires the cold skepticism"
the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke; "fire was one of our ancestors first discoveries" (同)flame, flaming
bake in a kiln so as to harden; "fire pottery"
fuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking; "put the kettle on the fire"; "barbecue over an open fire"
once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy; "hold your fire until you can see the whites of their eyes"; "they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire" (同)firing
a fireplace in which a relatively small fire is burning; "they sat by the fire and talked"
intense adverse criticism; "Clinton directed his fire at the Republican Party"; "the government has come under attack"; "dont give me any flak" (同)attack, flak, flack, blast
a severe trial; "he went through fire and damnation"
the event of something burning (often destructive); "they lost everything in the fire"
cause to go off; "fire a gun"; "fire a bullet" (同)discharge
go off or discharge; "The gun fired" (同)discharge, go_off
any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas (同)fir_tree, true fir
nonresinous wood of a fir tree
not observed; "managed to slip away unobserved"
not observed (同)unseen

PrepTutorEJDIC

『火』,炎 / 〈C〉『燃えているもの』,炉火,たき火 / 〈C〉〈U〉『火事』,火災 / 〈U〉(火のような)熱情,情熱 / 〈U〉(鉄砲などの)発射,射撃,砲火 / 〈炉など〉‘に'『燃料をくべる』,‘の'火をたく《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / …‘に'『火を付ける』,‘を'燃やす / 〈陶器など〉‘を'焼く,焼いて作る / (…に向けて)〈銃砲など〉‘を'撃つ,〈弾丸・ロケットなど〉‘を'発射する《+『off』+『名』(+『名』+『off』)+『at』+『名』》 / (…で)〈感情など〉‘を'燃え立たせる,〈人〉‘を'興奮させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《話》(…)〈石・ボールなど〉‘を'投げつける,〈質問・批評など〉‘を'浴びせる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / 《話》(…から)〈人〉‘を'首にする,解雇する(dismiss)《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (…に向かって)〈人が〉『発砲する』,〈銃などが〉発射される《+『名』+『at(into,on,upon』)+『名』》
モミ,モミの木(クリスマスツリーに用いられる) / モミ材
観察されない,気づかれない / (規則・慣習などが)守られない
発射,発砲 / 火をたくこと,(炉などの)火入れ,点火 / 燃料,薪炭

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1. ヒアリの昆虫学および管理 entomology and control of imported fire ants
2. ヒアリによる刺傷：臨床症状、診断、および治療 stings of imported fire ants clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment
3. 火傷および熱傷の防止 prevention of fire and burn injuries
4. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の診断 diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis
5. 膿疱性皮膚病変を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with pustular skin lesions

English Journal

Estimating nonstationary inputs from a single spike train based on a neuron model with adaptation.

Kim H1, Shinomoto S.Author information 1NTT Service Evolution Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, 239-0847, Japan. kin.hideaki@lab.ntt.co.jp.AbstractBecause every spike of a neuron is determined by input signals, a train of spikes may contain information about the dynamics of unobserved neurons. A state-space method based on the leaky integrate-and-fire model, describing neuronal transformation from input signals to a spike train has been proposed for tracking input parameters represented by their mean and fluctuation [11]. In the present paper, we propose to make the estimation more realistic by adopting an LIF model augmented with an adaptive moving threshold. Moreover, because the direct state-space method is computationally infeasible for a data set comprising thousands of spikes, we further develop a practical method for transforming instantaneous firing characteristics back to input parameters. The instantaneous firing characteristics, represented by the firing rate and non-Poisson irregularity, can be estimated using a computationally feasible algorithm. We applied our proposed methods to synthetic data to clarify that they perform well.
Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE.Math Biosci Eng.2014 Feb 1;11(1):49-62. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2014.11.49.
Because every spike of a neuron is determined by input signals, a train of spikes may contain information about the dynamics of unobserved neurons. A state-space method based on the leaky integrate-and-fire model, describing neuronal transformation from input signals to a spike train has been propos
PMID 24245682

A new method of spike modelling and interval analysis.

MacGregor DJ1, Williams CK, Leng G.Author information 1Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.AbstractHere we develop a new model of spike firing, based on the leaky integrate and fire model, modified to simulate afterpotentials. We also develop new analysis techniques, applying these to recorded and model generated data in order to make a comparative analysis and develop the model as a hypothesis for the functional components of the neuron. The model is based in this first instance on hypothalamic oxytocin neurons. We demonstrate how model parameters and cell properties relate to features observed in inter-spike intervals histograms, and the limits of these in being able to detect patterning features in spike recordings. A new technique, spike train analysis, is able to detect previously unobserved patterning, showing a dependence of spike intervals on previous firing activity. This effect is reproduced in the model by adding the small amplitude but long lasting after hyper-polarising potential (AHP). A fit measure based on log likelihood is used to compare model generated data to recorded spike intervals, taking account of interval dependence on previous activity. This measure is used with the simplex multiple parameter search algorithm to develop an automated method for fitting the model to recorded data.
Journal of neuroscience methods.J Neurosci Methods.2009 Jan 15;176(1):45-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.011. Epub 2008 Aug 19.
Here we develop a new model of spike firing, based on the leaky integrate and fire model, modified to simulate afterpotentials. We also develop new analysis techniques, applying these to recorded and model generated data in order to make a comparative analysis and develop the model as a hypothesis f
PMID 18775452

Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia.

Frankenberg E1, McKee D, Thomas D.Author information 1Department of Sociology, UCLA, Box 951551, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. efranken@ucla.eduAbstractWe combined data from a population-based longitudinal survey with satellite measures of aerosol levels to assess the impact of smoke from forest fires that blanketed the Indonesian islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra in late 1997 on adult health. To account for unobserved differences between haze and nonhaze areas, we compared changes in the health of individual respondents. Between 1993 and 1997, individuals who were exposed to haze experienced greater increases in difficulty with activities of daily living than did their counterparts in nonhaze areas. The results for respiratory and general health, although more complicated to interpret, suggest that haze had a negative impact on these dimensions of health.
Demography.Demography.2005 Feb;42(1):109-29.
We combined data from a population-based longitudinal survey with satellite measures of aerosol levels to assess the impact of smoke from forest fires that blanketed the Indonesian islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra in late 1997 on adult health. To account for unobserved differences between haze and
PMID 15782898