WordNet

a black mucky soil with a frozen subsoil that is characteristic of Arctic and subarctic regions
to a very great extent or degree; "the idea is so obvious"; "never been so happy"; "I love you so"; "my head aches so!"
(usually followed by `that'
in a manner that facilitates; "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"; "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat"
in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied; "Theyre happy and I hope they will remain so"; "so live your life that old age will bring no regrets"
in the same way; also; "I was offended and so was he"; "worked hard and so did she"
to a certain unspecified extent or degree; "I can only go so far with this student"; "can do only so much in a day"
the part of the earths surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock (同)dirt
a vast treeless plain in the Arctic regions where the subsoil is permanently frozen
the act of soiling something (同)soilure, dirtying

PrepTutorEJDIC

《様態の指示》『そういうふうに』,『そのように』・《補語に用いて》『そのようで』,そうで・《程度》『それほど』,そんなに・《強意として》《話》『非常に』,『とても』,たいへん・《前に述べたことの内容に対する同意を表して;「so+主語+[助]動詞」》『その通りで』,『本当に』,確かに,おっしゃるとおり・《肯定文を受けて;「so+[助]動詞+主語」の語順で》…『もまた』,『も同様に』・《as~, so…で》~と同じように…,(~のように)そのように・《目的を表して》…『するように』・《理由・結果を表して》『その結果』,それで・《文・節の頭に用いて》『それで』,だから・《驚き・賛成・嫌悪・疑いなどを表して》そうか,そうなんだ,どうかな,まさか・それでよし
=sol
〈U〉(植物の成長に適する)『土』,土壌(どじょう) / 〈U〉(特殊な)土 / 〈U〉〈C〉《気取って》国,地方;《the~》土地,農地
〈衣服など〉‘を'汚す,きたくなくする / 《比喩(ひゆ)的に》〈名声など〉‘を'けがす / 〈衣服などが〉汚れる,きたなくなる / 汚れ,汚点,しみ / (人の)汚物
(シベリアなどの)凍土帯,ツンドラ

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Winter warming as an important co-driver for Betula nana growth in western Greenland during the past century.

Hollesen J1, Buchwal A, Rachlewicz G, Hansen BU, Hansen MO, Stecher O, Elberling B.
Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2015 Jun;21(6):2410-23. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12913. Epub 2015 Mar 18.
Growing season conditions are widely recognized as the main driver for tundra shrub radial growth, but the effects of winter warming and snow remain an open question. Here, we present a more than 100 years long Betula nana ring-width chronology from Disko Island in western Greenland that demonstra
PMID 25788025

Mammalian herbivores confer resilience of Arctic shrub-dominated ecosystems to changing climate.

Kaarlejärvi E1, Hoset KS2, Olofsson J1.
Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2015 May 13. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12970. [Epub ahead of print]
Climate change is resulting in a rapid expansion of shrubs in the Arctic. This expansion has been shown to be reinforced by positive feedbacks, and it could thus set the ecosystem on a trajectory towards an alternate, more productive regime. Herbivores, on the other hand, are known to counteract the
PMID 25967156

Rapid carbon turnover beneath shrub and tree vegetation is associated with low soil carbon stocks at a subarctic treeline.

Parker TC1, Subke JA, Wookey PA.
Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2015 May;21(5):2070-81. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12793. Epub 2015 Feb 18.
Climate warming at high northern latitudes has caused substantial increases in plant productivity of tundra vegetation and an expansion of the range of deciduous shrub species. However significant the increase in carbon (C) contained within above-ground shrub biomass, it is modest in comparison with
PMID 25367088

村瀬潤
低温科学 70(-) (-), 131-136, 2012-00-00
… ４）積雪の影響は冬季ばかりでなく夏季のメタン放出にも及ぶ.Northern wetland and tundra regions store approximately 30% of the world organic soil carbon and function as a major source of atmospheric methane. … In summary, 1)Methane emission from northern wetland is reduced in winter partly by snowpack and methane is accumulated in the soil under snow;snow melt causes a "burst"of methane emission in spring. …
NAID 40019324569

Soil organic carbon pools in alpine to nival zones along an altitudinal gradient (4400-5300 m) on the Tibetan Plateau

Ohtsuka Toshiyuki,Hirota Mitsuru,Zhang Xianzhou,Shimono Ayako,Senga Yukiko,Du Minguan,Yonemura Seiichiro,Kawashima Shigeto,Tang Yanhong
Polar science 2(4), 277-285, 2008-12-00
… To accurately estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in upper alpine to nival zones on the Tibetan Plateau, we inventoried SOC pools in 0-0.3 m profiles along an altitudinal gradient (4400-5300 m asl). … Inventory data for both carbon density and bulk density along altitudinal gradients in alpine ecosystems are of crucial importance in estimating global tundra SOC storage. …
NAID 110007089159

The methane flux along topographical gradients on a glacier foreland in the High Arctic, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard

Adachi Minaco,Ohtsuka Toshiyuki,Nakatsubo Takayuki,Koizumi Hiroshi
Polar bioscience 20, 131-139, 2006-12-00
… In order to examine the relationship between the methane (CH_4) flux and soil factors and vegetation in High Arctic tundra, we investigated the CH_4 flux along topographical gradients on a glacier foreland in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard (79°N, 12°E). …
NAID 110006199757