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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/19 15:06:26」(JST)

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Trichophyton is a genus of fungi, which includes the parasitic varieties that cause tinea, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Trichophyton fungi are molds characterized by the development of both smooth-walled macro- and microconidia. Macroconidia are mostly borne laterally directly on the hyphae or on short pedicels, and are thin- or thick-walled, clavate to fusiform, and range from 4 to 8 by 8 to 50 μm in size. Macroconidia are few or absent in many species. Microconidia are spherical, pyriform to clavate or of irregular shape, and range from 2 to 3 by 2 to 4 μm in size.

Species and their habitat preference

Geophilic fungi prefer to live in soil. Anthropophilic fungi prefer to infect humans. Zoophilic fungi prefer to infect animals other than humans. Humans and animals are natural reservoirs for parasitic or dermatophytic fungi.

Trichophyton ajelloi	geophilic
Trichophyton concentricum	anthropophilic
Trichophyton equinum	zoophilic (horse)
Trichophyton flavescens	geophilic (feathers)
Trichophyton gloriae	geophilic
Trichophyton megnini	anthropophilic
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei	zoophilic (hedgehog)
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale	anthropophilic
Trichophyton onychocola	geophilic
Trichophyton phaseoliforme	geophilic
Trichophyton redellii	zoophilic (bats)^[1]
Trichophyton rubrum	anthropophilic
Trichophyton rubrum downy strain	anthropophilic
Trichophyton rubrum granular strain	anthropophilic
Trichophyton schoenleinii	anthropophilic
Trichophyton simii	zoophilic (monkey, fowl)
Trichophyton soudanense	anthropophilic
Trichophyton terrestre	geophilic
Trichophyton tonsurans	anthropophilic
Trichophyton vanbreuseghemii	geophilic
Trichophyton verrucosum	zoophilic (cattle, horse)
Trichophyton violaceum	anthropophilic
Trichophyton yaoundei	anthropophilic

Effect on humans

The anthropophilic varieties cause forms of dermatophytosis, that is, fungal infection of the skin. They are keratinophilic: they feed on the keratin in nails, hair, and dead skin.

Trichophyton concentricum causes "Malabar itch", a skin infection consisting of an eruption of a number of concentric rings of overlapping scales forming papulosquamous patches.^[2]

Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale cause athlete's foot (tinea pedis), toenail fungal infections (aka tinea unguium, aka onychomycosis), crotch itch (aka tinea cruris), and ringworm (a misnomer, as there is no worm involved; it is also known as tinea corporis). The fungi can easily spread to other areas of the body as well and to the host's home environs (socks, shoes, clothes, showers, bathtubs, counters, floors, carpets, etc.).

They can be transmitted by direct contact, by contact with infested particles (of dead skin, nails, hair) shed by the host, and by contact with the fungi's spores. These fungi thrive in warm moist dark environments, such as in the dead upper layers of skin between the toes of a sweaty foot inside a tightly enclosed shoe, or in dead skin particles on the wet floor of a communal (shared) shower. Their spores are extremely difficult to eliminate, and spread everywhere.

When the hyphae of the fungi burrow into the skin and release enzymes to digest keratin, they may irritate nerve endings and cause the host to itch, which may elicit the scratch reflex, which directs the host to scratch. Scratching directly transfers fungi and dead skin particles that are infested with the fungi to the fingers and under the finger nails. From there they can be transmitted to other parts of the host's body when the host touches or scratches those. Scratching also damages skin layers, making it easier for the fungi to spread at the site of the infection. If the fungi and infested debris are not washed from the fingers and fingernails soon enough, the fungi can also infect the skin of the fingers (tinea manuum), and burrow underneath and into the material of the fingernails (tinea unguium). If left untreated, the fungi continue to grow and spread.

References

^ "The fungus Trichophyton redellii sp. Nov. Causes skin infections that resemble white-nose syndrome of hibernating bats.". J Wildl Dis 51 (1): 36–47. Jan 2015. doi:10.7589/2014-05-134. PMID 25375940.
^ Malabar itch - definition from Biology-Online.org

External links

Doctor Fungus
Mycology Unit at the Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital

English Journal

Low DEFB4 Copy Number and High Systemic hBD-2 and IL-22 Levels Are Associated with Dermatophytosis.

Jaradat SW1, Cubillos S2, Krieg N2, Lehmann K2, Issa B3, Piehler S2, Wehner-Diab S2, Hipler UC2, Norgauer J2.
The Journal of investigative dermatology.J Invest Dermatol.2015 Mar;135(3):750-8. doi: 10.1038/jid.2014.369. Epub 2014 Sep 1.
Dermatophytes initiate dermatophytosis, but susceptibility to infection is dictated by host genetic factors, although the role of some of these-such as human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) genomic (DEFB4) copy number (CN) variation and its induction by IL-22-remains unclear. This was investigated in this c
PMID 25178103

Poor adherence to medication as assessed by the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 and low satisfaction with treatment in 237 psoriasis patients.

Saeki H1, Imafuku S, Abe M, Shintani Y, Onozuka D, Hagihara A, Katoh N, Murota H, Takeuchi S, Sugaya M, Tanioka M, Kaneko S, Masuda K, Hiragun T, Inomata N, Kitami Y, Tsunemi Y, Abe S, Kobayashi M, Morisky DE, Furue M.
The Journal of dermatology.J Dermatol.2015 Feb 27. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.12804. [Epub ahead of print]
Previously we assessed the medication adherence for oral and topical remedies by a translated Japanese version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) together with socioeconomic backgrounds in 3096 Japanese dermatological patients, and found the medication adherence, especially to topi
PMID 25720544

The management of cellulitis in emergency departments: antibiotic-prescribing practices and adherence to practice guidelines in Ireland.

Quirke M1, Saunders J, O'Sullivan R, Wakai A.
European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine.Eur J Emerg Med.2015 Feb 23. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES: There is a lack of evidence to guide the management of cellulitis in the emergency department (ED). The primary aim of this study was to characterize antibiotic-prescribing practices for the treatment of cellulitis in Irish EDs. Secondary aims were to identify patient variables associate
PMID 25647040

Japanese Journal

わが国における2例の創傷ハエ幼虫症 : 入院患者の白癬症の潰瘍部におけるセンチニクバエおよび自宅における回復期患者の術後創に見いだされたシリアカニクバエ

宇仁茂彦,中川浩一,柴田敏之 [他],福永昭廣
衞生動物 57(3), 235-240, 2006-09-15
大阪において,ニクバェによる2例の創傷ハエ幼虫症を見いだした.症例1では,77歳女性で,意識レベルの低下した入院患者の右足の白癬症による潰瘍部からハエ幼虫を見いだした.飼育後,羽化した成虫の特徴からセンチニクバェと同定した.この症例は院内ハエ幼虫症(hospital-acquired myiasis)である.症例2では,上顎洞癌の摘出後,自宅で療養中の72歳男性の術後創からハエ幼虫を見いだした.飼 …
NAID 110004793089

牛の皮膚糸状菌症に関する調査検討

新保秋雄,後藤純子,永吉勝 [他]
家畜診療 47(12), 827-832, 2000-12
NAID 40004434110

足白癬に対する放射線治療後の慢性放射線皮膚炎上に有棘細胞癌, ボーエン病, 基底細胞癌が生じた1例

青木恵理,青木見佳子,池村暁子,五十嵐司,鈴木かやの,川名誠司
Skin cancer : official organ of the Japanese Society for Skin Cancer = 皮膚悪性腫瘍研究会機関誌 15(1), 23-26, 2000-05-10
We reported a case who developed three different types of skin cancers: SCC, BCC, and Bowen's disease, on the chronic radiation dermatitis. He had been treated for his tinea pedis et palmaris with rad …
NAID 10025715750

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「epidermophytosis」「白癬症」

「epidermophytosis」

Trichophyton
	Trichophyton rubrum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Eurotiomycetes
Order:	Onygenales
Family:	Arthrodermataceae
Genus:	Trichophyton