出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/12/13 03:30:33」(JST)
翻字(ほんじ、英: transliteration)とは、言語学において特定の言語を記した文字表記を別の文字による表記に移すことをいう。翻字は印刷物の発行する際などに技術的な問題や読者の便宜のために行われる。
翻字とは、たとえばロシア語を記したキリル文字やギリシア語を記したギリシア文字や朝鮮語を記したハングル等をラテン文字に移すことに該当する。字訳、文字転写と呼ぶ場合もある。
これに対して、ある言語の音声や音韻を文字で表記することを転写(音訳)(英: transcription)と呼ぶ。ただし、転写と翻字とを含めて広義の「転写」とする場合もある。
翻字は、ある文字で書きたいのだがそれができないので仕方なく別の文字によって書くという場合に行われる。よって、厳密な意味での翻字は文字と文字の対応が1対1で、元の文字による文字情報が100%失われずに保たれるようなものでなくてはならない。つまり、翻字された文章から元の文章を復元できなくてはそれは翻字とはいえないのである。このように翻字は文字と文字を1対1で対応させるのを原則とするが、実際には一方の文字1字に対して他方の文字2字・3字に対応する場合もある。例えば、ギリシア文字「θ」をラテン文字へ翻字する場合、通常は「th」の2字に翻字する。
翻字はあくまで文字を移し換えるのであって、当該言語の音は必ずしも反映されない。例えば、ロシア語 сегодня [sʲɪˈvodnʲə](今日)の翻字は「segodnja」である。キリル文字「г」はこの単語の場合 [v] と発音される(通常は [ɡ] と発音される場合がほとんどである)が、翻字においてはこの文字をラテン文字「g」に1対1で対応させる決まりなので「sevodnja」とはしない。
厳密な翻字は文字を精密に記述する場合以外では不要である。日常的な場面において、ある文字による表記を別の文字による表記で代用しなければならないような場合(例えば日本語のIMEがインストールされていないコンピューターを使って日本語でチャットするような場合や、外国人観光客用に駅名をラテン文字で書くような場合)、既存の文字表記体系(正書法)は多かれ少なかれ不合理的な部分を持っているので、既存の表記を厳密に翻字するよりはその文字で表記するときに用いる新しい正書法を作ってしまったほうが手っ取り早い。日本語の例を挙げると、「はちおうじ」の「おう」も「おおさか」の「おお」も音韻としては同一の /oː/ であるため、いくつかあるローマ字表記法ではこの二つを区別せず、ô, ooなどと統一して表記する。
1989年に国際標準化機構が日本語の書きことばをローマ字で表記する場合は、国際的に訓令式を採択し、ISO 3602(第5項の原注2)で厳密翻字を行う場合には日本式でなければならないとした。
この項目は、言語学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています(ウィキポータル 言語学)。 |
この項目は、文字や文字学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています(P:文字)。 |
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Transliteration is the conversion of a text from one script to another.[1]
For instance, a Latin transliteration of the Greek phrase "Ελληνική Δημοκρατία", usually translated as 'Hellenic Republic', is "Ellēnikḗ Dēmokratía".
Transliteration is not concerned with representing the sounds of the original, only the characters, ideally accurately and unambiguously. Thus, in the above example, λλ is transliterated as 'll', but pronounced /l/; Δ is transliterated as 'D', but pronounced 'ð'; and η is transliterated as 'ē', though it is pronounced /i/ (exactly like ι) and is not long.
Conversely, transcription notes the sounds but not necessarily the spelling. So "Ελληνική Δημοκρατία" could be transcribed as "elinikí ðimokratía", which does not specify which of the /i/ sounds are written as η and which as ι.
Systematic transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, typically grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one, so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.
Transliteration is opposed to transcription, which maps the sounds of one language into a writing system. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the target script, for some specific pair of source and target language. If the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages, a transliteration may be very close to a transcription. In practice, there are some mixed transliteration/transcription systems that transliterate a part of the original script and transcribe the rest.
For many script pairs, there is one or more standard transliteration systems. However, unsystematic transliteration is common.
In Modern Greek (and since the Roman Imperial period), the letters <η> <ι> <υ> and the letter combinations <ει> <oι> <υι> are pronounced [i] (except when pronounced as semivowels), and a modern transcription renders them all as <i>; but a transliteration distinguishes them, for example by transliterating to <ē> <i> <y> and <ei> <oi> <yi>. (As the ancient pronunciation of <η> was [ɛː], it is often transliterated as an <e> with a macron, even for modern texts.) On the other hand, <ευ> is sometimes pronounced [ev] and sometimes [ef], depending on the following sound. A transcription distinguishes them, but this is no requirement for a transliteration. The initial letter 'h' reflecting the historical rough breathing in words such as Hellēnikē should logically be omitted in transcription from Koine Greek on,[2] and from transliteration from 1982 on, but it is nonetheless frequently encountered.
Greek word | Transliteration | Transcription | English translation |
---|---|---|---|
Ελληνική Δημοκρατία | Hellēnikē Dēmokratia | Eliniki Dhimokratia | Hellenic Republic |
Ελευθερία | Eleutheria | Eleftheria | Freedom |
Ευαγγέλιο | Euaggelio | Evangelio | Gospel |
των υιών | tōn uiōn | ton ion | of the sons |
There is also another type of transliteration that is not full, but partial or quasi. A source word can be transliterated by first identifying all the applicable prefix and suffix segments based on the letters in the source word. All of these segments, in combination constitute a list of potential partial transliterations. So a partial transliteration can include only prefix or only suffix segments. A partial transliteration will also include some unmapped letters of the source word, namely those letters between the end of the prefix and the beginning of the suffix. The partial transliteration can be “filled in” by applying additional segment maps. Applying the segment maps can produce additional transliterations if more than one segment mapping applies to a particular combination of characters in the source word.[3]
Some examples or "partial transliterations" are words like "bishop" via Anglo-Saxon biscep from the Greek word "episkopos" and the word "deacon", which is partially transliterated from the Greek word "diakonos".
A simple example of difficulties in transliteration is the voiceless uvular plosive used in Arabic and other languages. It is pronounced approximately like English [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. Pronunciation varies between different languages, and different dialects of the same language. The consonant is sometimes transliterated into "g", sometimes "k", and sometimes "q" in English.[4] Another example is the Russian letter "Х" (kha). It is pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative /x/, like the Scottish pronunciation of ⟨ch⟩ in "loch". This sound is not present in most forms of English, and is often transliterated as "kh", as in Nikita Khrushchev. Many languages have phonemic sounds, such as click consonants, which are quite unlike any phoneme in the language into which they are being transliterated.
Some languages and scripts present particular difficulties to transcribers. These are discussed on separate pages.
"Translation" citation 15: ^ Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", pp. 85–86. "Roger Bacon wrote that if a translation is to be true, the translator must know both languages, as well as the science that he is to translate"
Look up transliteration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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