WordNet

a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet (同)pamphlet
an extended area of land (同)piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel
a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
of or near the head end or toward the front plane of a body
earlier in time (同)prior
resembling a pyramid (同)pyramidic, pyramidical

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広大な土地(地域),(土地・海・空などの)広がり《+of+名》 / (器官の)管,(神経の)索
(おもに宗教・政治などの宣伝用の)小冊子,パンフレット
(場所などが)前の,前部の;(…より)前に位置する《+『to』+『名』》 / (時・事件などが)以前の,先の;(…より)前の《+『to』+『名』》
ピラミッド[状]の

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1. 腹壁の解剖学 anatomy of the abdominal wall
2. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：後膣壁脱の外科的修復 pelvic organ prolapse in women surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse
3. 前部縦隔の腫瘤を有する患者に対する麻酔 anesthesia for patients with an anterior mediastinal mass
4. 前十字靱帯損傷 anterior cruciate ligament injury
5. 左脚前枝ブロック left anterior fascicular block

English Journal

An autopsy case of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with the I113T SOD1 mutation.

Nakamura S1, Wate R, Kaneko S, Ito H, Oki M, Tsuge A, Nagashima M, Asayama S, Fujita K, Nakamura M, Maruyama H, Kawakami H, Kusaka H.Author information 1Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.AbstractA 64-year-old man noticed weakness in his arms and dyspnea upon exertion. Four months later he was admitted to our hospital, where muscle atrophy and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes in the arms were observed upon examination. A needle electromyograph study revealed acute and chronic denervation in the extremities, and he was diagnosed as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Seven months after onset of the disease, he died of respiratory failure. Neuropathologically, neuronal cell loss was observed in the motor cortex, hypoglossal nuclei, cervical and lumbar anterior horns and Clarke's nuclei. Some of the remaining neurons contained neurofilamentous conglomerate inclusions (CIs). A small number of Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions (LBHIs) were also observed. No the Bunina bodies, skein-like inclusions or basophilic inclusions were detectable. Tract degeneration was moderate in the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts, mild in the pyramidal tract, but not discerned in the posterior column. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed that the CIs were strongly positive for phosphorylated neurofilament and moderately positive for ubiquitin and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Moreover, a number of phosphorylated tau protein-positive globose neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and threads were observed in the periaqueductal gray matter, oculomotor nuclei and trochlear nuclei. Although the family history was negative for neuromuscular diseases, the neuropathological findings indicated features of familial ALS with a SOD1 mutation. In fact, DNA analysis of frozen-brain tissue revealed the presence of the I113T SOD1 mutation. This case represents the first one of this mutation in a patient who showed CIs as well as LBHIs in the motor neurons at the same time, in addition to the NFTs in the mesencephalic tegmentum.
Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology.Neuropathology.2014 Feb;34(1):58-63. doi: 10.1111/neup.12049. Epub 2013 Jun 17.
A 64-year-old man noticed weakness in his arms and dyspnea upon exertion. Four months later he was admitted to our hospital, where muscle atrophy and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes in the arms were observed upon examination. A needle electromyograph study revealed acute and chronic denervation in
PMID 23773010

StartReact restores reaction time in HSP: evidence for subcortical release of a motor program.

Nonnekes J1, Oude Nijhuis LB, de Niet M, de Bot ST, Pasman JW, van de Warrenburg BP, Bloem BR, Weerdesteyn V, Geurts AC.Author information 1Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Department of Rehabilitation and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Sint Maartenskliniek Research, Development and Education, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands.AbstractStartling acoustic stimuli (SAS) can accelerate reaction times ("StartReact" effect), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Both direct release of a subcortically stored motor program and a subcortically mediated trigger for a cortically stored motor program have been hypothesized. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we examined the StartReact effect in humans with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Delayed reaction times in HSP patients in trials both with and without a SAS would argue in favor of a cortically stored response. We instructed 12 HSP patients and 12 matched controls to respond as rapidly as possible to a visual imperative stimulus, in two different conditions: dorsiflexion of the dominant ankle; or flexion of the dominant wrist. In 25% of trials, a SAS was delivered simultaneously with the imperative stimulus. Before these tests, subjects received five SAS while standing to verify normal function of the reticulospinal tract in HSP. Latencies of startle responses in sternocleidomastoid and tibialis anterior muscles were comparable between patients and controls. During the ankle dorsiflexion task, HSP patients had an average 19 ms delay in reaction times compared with controls. Administration of a SAS accelerated ankle dorsiflexion in both groups, but more so in the patients, which completely normalized their latencies. The wrist flexion task yielded no differences in onset latencies between HSP patients and controls. The reticulospinal tract seems unaffected in HSP patients, because startle reflex onsets were normal. The corticospinal tract was affected, as reflected by delayed ankle dorsiflexion reaction times. These delayed onsets in HSP were normalized when the imperative stimulus was combined with a SAS, presumably through release of a subcortically stored motor program conveyed by the preserved reticulospinal tract.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2014 Jan 1;34(1):275-81. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2948-13.2014.
Startling acoustic stimuli (SAS) can accelerate reaction times ("StartReact" effect), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Both direct release of a subcortically stored motor program and a subcortically mediated trigger for a cortically stored motor program have been hypothesized. To distin
PMID 24381288

Corticospinal excitability during walking in humans with absent and partial body weight support.

Knikou M1, Hajela N, Mummidisetty CK.Author information 1Graduate Center/Department of Physical Therapy, City University of New York, NY, USA; Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: Maria.Knikou@csi.cuny.edu.AbstractOBJECTIVE: To establish changes in corticospinal excitability with absent and partial body weight support (BWS), and determine test-retest reliability of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recordings during stepping in healthy humans.
Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.Clin Neurophysiol.2013 Dec;124(12):2431-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.06.004. Epub 2013 Jun 28.
OBJECTIVE: To establish changes in corticospinal excitability with absent and partial body weight support (BWS), and determine test-retest reliability of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recordings during stepping in healthy humans.METHODS: The tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus MEPs during stepping at
PMID 23810634