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A toxoid is a bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. Thus, when used during vaccination, an immune response is mounted and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness. In international medical literature the preparation also is known as anatoxin or anatoxine.^[1] There are toxoids for prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and botulism.^[2]

Toxoids are used as vaccines because they induce an immune response to the original toxin or increase the response to another antigen since the toxoid markers and toxin markers are preserved. For example, the tetanus toxoid is derived from the tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. ^[3] The latter causes tetanus and is vaccinated against by the DTaP vaccine. Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum and causes the deadly disease botulism. While patients may sometimes complain of side effects after a vaccine, these are associated with the process of mounting an immune response and clearing the toxoid, not the direct effects of the toxoid. The toxoid does not have virulence as the toxin did before inactivation.

Multiple doses of tetanus toxoid are used by many plasma centers in the United States for the development of highly immune persons for the production of human anti-tetanus immune globulin (tetanus immune globulin (TIG), HyperTet (c)^[4]), which has replaced horse serum-type tetanus antitoxin in most of the developed world.

References

^ anatoxin^{[dead link]}
^ "The Preparation And Testing Of Diphtheria Toxoid (Anatoxine-Ramon)" (PDF). aphapublications.org. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ "Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed" (PDF). fda.gov. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ http://www.talecris-pi.info/inserts/hypertet.pdf downloaded 2010-05-29

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1. 成人における破傷風-ジフテリアトキソイドワクチン tetanus diphtheria toxoid vaccination in adults
2. 7～18歳の小児におけるジフテリア、破傷風、および百日咳ワクチン diphtheria tetanus and pertussis immunization in children 7 through 18 years of age
3. 髄膜炎菌ワクチン meningococcal vaccines
4. 0～6歳の乳児および小児におけるジフテリア、破傷風、および百日咳ワクチン diphtheria tetanus and pertussis immunization in infants and children 0 through 6 years of age
5. HIV感染患者における予防接種 immunizations in hiv infected patients

English Journal

Structural and antigenic features of the synthetic SF23 peptide corresponding to the receptor binding fragment of diphtheria toxin.

Khrustaleva TA1, Khrustalev VV2, Barkovsky EV3, Kolodkina VL4, Astapov AA5.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 Feb;63(2):235-44. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.07.008. Epub 2014 Jul 23.
The SF23 peptide corresponding to the receptor binding fragment of diphtheria toxin (residues 508-530) has been synthesized. This fragment forming a protruding beta hairpin has been chosen because it is the less mutable B-cell epitope. Affine chromatography and ELISA show that antibodies from the se
PMID 25062832

Canine zona pellucida glycoprotein-3: Up-scaled production, immunization strategy and its outcome on fertility.

Shrestha A1, Srichandan S2, Minhas V1, Panda AK2, Gupta SK3.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2015 Jan 1;33(1):133-40. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.003. Epub 2014 Nov 13.
Zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins based contraceptive vaccines have been proposed for the management of wildlife population. In the present study, a fusion protein encompassing promiscuous T cell epitope of tetanus toxoid [TT; amino acid (aa) residues 830-844] followed by a dilysine linker and an ec
PMID 25448113

Detecting and preventing reversion to toxicity for a formaldehyde-treated C. difficile toxin B mutant.

Wang B1, Wang S1, Rustandi RR1, Wang F1, Mensch CD1, Hong L1, Kristopeit A1, Secore S1, Dornadula G1, Kanavage A1, Heinrichs JH1, Mach H1, Blue JT1, Thiriot DS2.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2015 Jan 1;33(1):252-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.032. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
The toxicity of Clostridium difficile large clostridial toxin B (TcdB) can be reduced by many orders of magnitude by a combination of targeted point mutations. However, a TcdB mutant with five point mutations (referred to herein as mTcdB) still has residual toxicity that can be detected in cell-base
PMID 24951860

Japanese Journal

肥育牛の牛コクシジウム症に起因する出血性腸炎の複合感染の影響とクロストリジウム5種混合トキソイドワクチン接種効果の検討

宮島吉範,杉山友人,竹内基貴 [他]
家畜診療 = Journal of livestock medicine 60(10), 605-611, 2013-10
NAID 40019822798

Large-scale preparation of Shiga toxin 2 in Escherichia coli for toxoid vaccine antigen production

Arimitsu Hideyuki,Sasaki Keiko,Shimizu Takeshi [他]
Microbiology and immunology 57(1), 38-45, 2013-01
NAID 40019554365

Effects of Simultaneous Immunization of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine and Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine on Anti-Tetanus Potencies in Mice, Guinea Pigs, and Rats

Fukuda Tadashi,Iwaki Masaaki,Komiya Takako,Shibayama Keigo,Takahashi Motohide,Nakashima Hideki
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 66(1), 41-45, 2013
… Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine conjugated with tetanus toxoid (HibT) was licensed for use in childhood immunization in Japan in 2007. …
NAID 130003381639