WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
lose strength; "My opponent was wilting"
any plant disease characterized by drooping and shriveling; usually caused by parasites attacking the roots (同)wilt disease
causing to become limp or drooping (同)wilting
become limp; "The flowers wilted" (同)droop
native to South America; widely cultivated in many varieties (同)love apple, tomato plant, Lycopersicon_esculentum
mildly acid red or yellow pulpy fruit eaten as a vegetable

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体
=will
〈草花が〉しぼむ,しおれる / 〈人が〉弱る,衰える / 〈草花〉‘を'しぼませる,しおれさせる
『トマト』;トマトの木
斑点のある;汚点のついた

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/05 02:08:47」(JST)

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The Tospoviruses are a genus (Tospovirus) of negative RNA virus found within the family Bunyaviridae. They are the sole group of plant infecting viruses in this family, as all other described members of the Bunyaviridae infect animals. The genus takes its name from the discovery of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Australia in 1915. It remained the only member of the family until the early 1990s when genetic characterisation of viruses discovered in plants became more common. There are now at least twenty viral "species" in the family with more being recorded and described on a relatively regular basis. Together, these viruses have been documented infecting over eight hundred different plant species from 82 different families.

Genome[edit]

This virus has a single stranded RNA genome with negative polarity, therefore it is classified as a Class V virus ((-)ssRNA viruses). The structure of the genome resembles that of the genus Phlebovirus. The genome is linear and is 17.2 kb in size. It is segmented into three segments termed S (2.9kb), M (5.4kb) and L (8.9kb). The M and S RNA segments encode for proteins in an ambisense orientation.

Transmission[edit]

Tospoviruses are arboviruses usually vectored by a thrips. At least ten species of thrips belonging to family Thripidae have been confirmed as vectors for the transmission of thirteen or more tospoviruses.^[1] The thrips vectors are not closely related, implying an independent origin of infection for each thrips,^[2] possibly transmitted horizontally through shared hosts. There may be other species of thrips competent to transmit similar viruses, but they have not been documented on crops of economic significance.

Recent research concludes that thrips can only be infected by tospovirus during the larval phases of development, as pupation and metamorphosis separate the connection between the salivary glands and the infected muscle tissue of the mid-gut.^[3] Adults transmit the virus from infected salivary glands, and uninfected adults will not transmit the virus. Obviously, controlling the infection by limiting transmission from infected plants to larval thrips or by preventing adult dispersal from infected plants are key strategies in preventing an epidemic of the disease.^[4]^[5]

Agricultural importance[edit]

Infection with the virus results in spotting and wilting of the plant, reduced vegetative output, and eventually death. No antiviral cures have been developed for plants infected with a Tospovirus, and infected plants should be removed from a field and destroyed in order to prevent the spread of the disease.

There are a large number of plant families that are known to be affected by viruses of the Tospovirus genus. These include both food crops (such as peanuts, watermelons, capsicums, tomatoes, zucchinis, et al.) as well as ornamental species which are important to flower farms (calla lily, impatiens, crysanthemums, iris, et al.). For a more complete list of hosts examine the Tospovirus host list at Kansas State University.

Diagnosis[edit]

Early symptoms of infection are difficult to diagnose. In young infected plants the characteristic symptoms consist of inward cupping of leaves and leaves that develop a bronze cast followed by dark spots. As the infection progresses additional symptoms develop which include dark streaks on the main stem and wilting of the top portion of the plant. Fruit may be deformed, show uneven ripening and often have raised bumps on the surface. Once a plant becomes infected the disease cannot be controlled.

Serological and molecular tests are commercially available ^[6] to diagnose TSWV as well as a second common tospovirus found in ornamentals, Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). Cytological studies of TSWV and INSV have shown that these viruses produce granular inclusions in the cytoplasm of infected plants. These inclusions can be seen in the light microscope with proper staining techniques.^[7] These inclusions can be diagnostic.

Inclusions found in leaf strips of plants infected with a Tospovirus

Epidemology[edit]

TSWV is prevalent in warm climates in regions with a high population of thrips. This virus is an agricultural pest in Asia, America, Europe and Africa. Over the past 15 years outbreaks of Tomato spotted wilt disease have become more prevalent in these regions. Therefore TSWV is described as an emerging viral disease of plants. The increased prevalence is largely because of the successful survival of the thrips vector Frankliniella occidentalis. Another thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, has also been implicated in the transmission of at least three tospoviruses, but there remains some controversy over its efficiency as a vector.^[8] Immunological testing and vector-competence studies suggest that S. dorsalis may represents a non-transmitting carrier for some strains of virus.

The success of this virus has also been attributed to the acquisition of a gene in the M segment of the genome which encodes a movement protein. This protein allows the virus to infect a wide range of hosts. The gene encoding this protein was likely acquired by recombination from either a plant host or from another plant virus.

Management[edit]

Control of this disease is difficult. One of the reasons for this is that the wide host range allows the virus to successfully overseason from one crop to the next. To prevent spread of the virus infected plants should be immediately removed away from neighbouring plants. Control of insects, especially thrips, is important to reduce spread of the virus by vectors.

Resources[edit]

The Complete Tospovirus Resource Page at KSU
Tospoviruses:Bunyaviridae from Plant Viruses online
Plant Viruses Online – Tomato Spotted Wilt tospovirus
APSnet A Plant Disease Lesson on Tomato spotted wilt virus
Raccah. B (2000). Plant Virus Transmission by Insects. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. www.els.net doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000760
ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Tomato spotted Cake virus
Family Groups - The Baltimore Method
Tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Tospovirus) An article by Scott Adkins, Tom Zitter and Tim Momol.

References[edit]

^ Jones, D. R. 2005. Plant viruses transmitted by thrips. European Journal of Plant Pathology 113: 119–157.
^ Mound, L. A. 2002. So many thrips – so few tospoviruses?, pp. 15 - 18. In L. A. Mound and R. Marullo [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. CSIRO Entomology, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
^ Moritz, G., S. Kumm, and L. A. Mound. 2004. Tospovirus transmission depends on thrips ontogeny. Virus research 100: 143–149.
^ Groves, R. L., J. F. Walgenbach, J. W. Moyer, and G. G. Kennedy. 2003. Seasonal Dispersal Patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Occurrence in Central and Eastern North Carolina. Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 1 - 11.
^ Nault, B. A., J. Speese III, D. Jolly, and R. L. Groves. 2003. Seasonal patterns of adult thrips dispersal and implications for management in eastern Virginia tomato fields. Crop Protection 22: 505–512.
^ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp134
^ http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/pathology/florida_viruses/Howto.html
^ Whitfield AE, Ullman DE, German TL (2005). Tospovirus-thrips interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 43: 459–89.

External links[edit]

Viralzone: Tospovirus

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English Journal

Phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand tomato spotted wilt virus isolates suggests likely incursion history scenarios and mechanisms for population evolution.

Timmerman-Vaughan GM, Lister R, Cooper R, Tang J.SourceThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, gail.timmerman-vaughan@plantandfood.co.nz.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2013 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an internationally significant pathogen with a wide host range, vectored by thrips. We have studied the sequence variation and evolutionary mechanisms at play in parts of the L, M and S subgenomes of 23 New Zealand TSWV isolates collected between 1992 and 2009, ai
PMID 24232914

Differential expression of tomato spotted wilt virus-derived viral small RNAs in infected commercial and experimental host plants.

Mitter N, Koundal V, Williams S, Pappu H.SourceQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Oct 15;8(10):e76276. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076276.
BACKGROUND: Viral small RNAs (vsiRNAs) in the infected host can be generated from viral double-stranded RNA replicative intermediates, self-complementary regions of the viral genome or from the action of host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases on viral templates. The vsiRNA abundance and profile as well
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Non-structural proteins of arthropod-borne bunyaviruses: roles and functions.

Eifan S, Schnettler E, Dietrich I, Kohl A, Blomström AL.SourceDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. anne-lie.blomstrom@slu.se.
Viruses.Viruses.2013 Oct 4;5(10):2447-68. doi: 10.3390/v5102447.
Viruses within the Bunyaviridae family are tri-segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses. The family includes several emerging and re-emerging viruses of humans, animals and plants, such as Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, La Crosse virus, Schmallenberg virus and tomato
PMID 24100888

Japanese Journal

RT-LAMP法による数種作物およびミカンキイロアザミウマからのトマト黄化えそウイルス(TSWV)の検出

松浦昌平
近畿中国四国農業研究 (14), 9-13, 2009-03
NAID 40016662456

ミカンキイロアザミウマによるトマト黄化えそウイルス獲得源としての各種雑草の評価

岡崎真一郎,奥田充,櫻井民人
日本応用動物昆虫学会誌 53(4), 181-184, 2009
… We examined the acquisition and transmission rates of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Frankliniella occidentalis that were fed with eight TSWV-infected weed species. … occidentalis differs among weed species, and that the thrips can become transmitters by acquiring the virus from some weed species. …
NAID 130000145763

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「トマト黄化壊疽ウイルス」
関連記事	「tomato」「spotted」「wilt」「virus」

「トマト黄化壊疽ウイルス」

Tospovirus
	Tomato showing symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus infection.
Virus classification
Group:	Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order:	Unassigned
Family:	Bunyaviridae
Genus:	Tospovirus
Type species
	Tomato spotted wilt virus;
Species
	Bean necrotic mosaic virus; Capsicum chlorosis virus; Groundnut bud necrosis virus; Groundnut ringspot virus; Groundnut yellow spot virus; Impatiens necrotic spot virus; Iris yellow spot virus; Melon yellow spot virus; Peanut bud necrosis virus; Peanut yellow spot virus; Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus; Tomato chlorotic spot virus; Tomato necrotic ringspot virus; Tomato spotted wilt virus; Tomato yellow ring virus; Tomato zonate spot virus; Watermelon bud necrosis virus; Watermelon silver mottle virus; Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus