関: mast cell

WordNet

a soft thin (usually translucent) paper (同)tissue_paper
part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains (同)basophile

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〈U〉〈C〉(生物体の)『組織』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『薄織物』 / 〈U〉〈C〉水を吸収する柔らかな薄紙 / 〈C〉カーボンコピー用薄紙 / 〈C〉《a ~》(…を)織り交ぜて作ったもの《+of+名》 / =tissue paper

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/02 10:22:05」(JST)

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"Basophil" redirects here. For the cells of the anterior pituitary, see anterior pituitary basophil.

3D Rendering of a Basophil Granulocyte

Basophil granulocytes, mostly referred to as basophils, are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells^{[citation needed]}.

The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes, as shown in the picture.

Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope. However, when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has 2 lobes. The mast cell, a cell in tissues, has many similar characteristics. For example, both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated in certain ways (histamine causes some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction). Like all circulating granulocytes, basophils can be recruited out of the blood into a tissue when needed.

Function[edit]

Reference ranges for blood tests of white blood cells, comparing basophil granulocyte amount (shown in violet) with other cells.

Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues. They can be found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection, e.g., ticks. Like eosinophils, basophils play a role in both parasitic infections and allergies.^[1] They are found in tissues where allergic reactions are occurring and probably contribute to the severity of these reactions. Basophils have protein receptors on their cell surface that bind IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defense and allergy. It is the bound IgE antibody that confers a selective response of these cells to environmental substances, for example, pollen proteins or helminth antigens. Recent studies in mice suggest that basophils may also regulate the behavior of T cells and mediate the magnitude of the secondary immune response.^[2]

Immunophenotyping of basophils[edit]

Basophils of mouse and human have consistent immunophenotypes as follows: FcεRI⁺, CD123, CD49b(DX-5)⁺, CD69⁺, Thy-1.2⁺, 2B4⁺, CD11b^dull, CD117(c-kit)^–, CD24^–, CD19^–, CD80^–, CD14^–, CD23^–, Ly49c^–, CD122^–, CD11c^–, Gr-1^–, NK1.1^–, B220^–, CD3^–, γδTCR^–, αβTCR^–, α₄ and β₄-integrin negative.^[3]

Recently, Heneberg ^[4] proposed that basophils may be defined as the cellular population positive for CD13, CD44, CD54, CD63, CD69, CD107a, CD123, CD164, CD193/ CCR3, CD203c, TLR-4, and FcεRI. When activated, some additional surface markers are known to be upregulated (CD13, CD107a, CD164), or surface-exposed (CD63, and the ectoenzyme CD203c).^[4]

Secretions[edit]

When activated, basophils degranulate to release histamine, proteoglycans (e.g. heparin and chondroitin), and proteolytic enzymes (e.g. elastase and lysophospholipase). They also secrete lipid mediators like leukotrienes, and several cytokines. Histamine and proteoglycans are pre-stored in the cell's granules while the other secreted substances are newly generated. Each of these substances contributes to inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that basophils are an important source of the cytokine, interleukin-4, perhaps more important than T cells. Interleukin-4 is considered one of the critical cytokines in the development of allergies and the production of IgE antibody by the immune system. There are other substances that can activate basophils to secrete which suggests that these cells have other roles in inflammation.^[5]

The degranulation of basophils can be investigated in vitro by using flow cytometry and the so-called basophil-activation-test (BAT). Especially, in the diagnosis of allergies including of drug reactions (e.g. induced by contrast medium), the BAT of is great impact.^[6]

Basopenia (a low basophil count) is difficult to demonstrate as the normal basophil count is so low; it has been reported in association with autoimmune urticaria^[7] (a chronic itching condition). Basophilia is also uncommon but may be seen in some forms of leukaemia or lymphoma.

References[edit]

^ Voehringer D. 2009. Trends in Parasitology.
^ Nakanishi, Kenji (December 2010). "Basophils as APC in Th2 response in allergic inflammation and parasite infection". Current Opinion in Immunology 22 (6): 814–820. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.018.
^ Schroeder JT (2009). "Basophils beyond effector cells of allergic inflammation." Adv Immunol 101:123-161, PMID 19231594, doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(08)01004-3.
^ ^a ^b Heneberg, Petr (2011). "Mast cells and basophils: trojan horses of conventional lin- stem/progenitor cell isolates". Current Pharmaceutical Design 17 (34): 3753–3771. PMID 22103846. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ Janeway CA, Jr. et al. (2001). Immunobiology. (electronic full text via NCBI Bookshelf) (5th ed.). Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X.
^ Böhm I et al. Pilot study on basophil activation induced by contrast medium. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011;25:267 - 276
^ Grattan CE, Dawn G, Gibbs S, Francis DM (Mar 2003). "Blood basophil numbers in chronic ordinary urticaria and healthy controls: diurnal variation, influence of loratadine and prednisolone and relationship to disease activity". Clin Exp Allergy 33 (3): 337–41. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01589.x. PMID 12614448.

Additional images[edit]

Blood cell lineage
Alternate stain of a basophil

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to basophils.

UpToDate Contents

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1. アレルギー疾患の皮下免疫療法：治療メカニズム subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic disease therapeutic mechanisms
2. アレルギーのin vitro検査の概要 overview of in vitro allergy tests
3. 慢性蕁麻疹：臨床症状、診断、病因および自然経過 chronic urticaria clinical manifestations diagnosis pathogenesis and natural history
4. アナフィラキシーの病態生理 pathophysiology of anaphylaxis
5. 喘息の病因 pathogenesis of asthma

English Journal

The combination of Bifidobacterium breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides suppresses airway inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma.

Sagar S1, Vos AP2, Morgan ME3, Garssen J2, Georgiou NA4, Boon L5, Kraneveld AD3, Folkerts G3.Author information 1Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.sagar@uu.nl.2Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.3Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.4Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.5Bioceros B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands.AbstractOver the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of interventions that target the intestinal microbiota as a treatment approach for asthma. This study is aimed at exploring the therapeutic effects of long-term treatment with a combination of Bifidobacterium breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides on airway inflammation and remodeling. A murine ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma model was used. Pulmonary airway inflammation; mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors, Th-specific cytokines and transcription factors in lung tissue; expression of Foxp3 in blood Th cells; in vitro T cell activation; mast cell degranulation; and airway remodeling were examined. The combination of B. breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides suppressed pulmonary airway inflammation; reduced T cell activation and mast cell degranulation; modulated expression of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines and transcription factors; and reduced airway remodeling. The treatment induced regulatory T cell responses, as shown by increased Il10 and Foxp3 transcription in lung tissue, and augmented Foxp3 protein expression in blood CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. This specific combination of beneficial bacteria with non-digestible oligosaccharides has strong anti-inflammatory properties, possibly via the induction of a regulatory T cell response, resulting in reduced airway remodeling and, therefore, may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic inflammation in allergic asthma.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Apr;1842(4):573-83. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.005. Epub 2014 Jan 15.
Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of interventions that target the intestinal microbiota as a treatment approach for asthma. This study is aimed at exploring the therapeutic effects of long-term treatment with a combination of Bifidobacterium breve with non-digestibl
PMID 24440361

Pathodiagnostic parameters and evaluation of O(6)- methyl guanine methyl transferase gene promoter methylation in meningiomas.

Jabini R1, Moradi A2, Afsharnezhad S3, Ayatollahi H4, Behravan J5, Raziee HR6, Mosaffa F7.Author information 1Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran. Electronic address: jabinir861@mums.ac.ir.2Cancer Research Center, Shohada Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1931746345, Iran. Electronic address: afshinmo2002@yahoo.com.3Department of Biochemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91735/413, Iran. Electronic address: sanegad@yahoo.com.4Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91766-99199, Iran. Electronic address: ayatollahih@mums.ac.ir.5Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran. Electronic address: behravanj@mums.ac.ir.6Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto M2N0C8, Canada. Electronic address: hamidreza.raziee@utoronto.ca.7Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran. Electronic address: mosaffaf@mums.ac.AbstractHistopathological evaluation and grading of meningioma give important prognostic information. We evaluated retrospectively monotonous sheeting, necrosis, hypercellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, small cell changes, brain invasion, mitosis, mast cells, psammoma bodies, MIB-1 labeling index (MIB-1 LI) and histological grade of 230 primary meningioma tumors according to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification. To reveal any possible association between clinical features and promoter hypermethylation of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) as an important epigenetic modification in many human cancers, we also evaluated the methylation status of MGMT in meningiomas by a SYBR-green-based real-time PCR method. There was a female predominance (2.38 to 1) in the meningiomas. The mean age of the patients was 49.9±12.6years (range 16 to 78years). Transitional meningiomas were the most common subtype of the meningiomas (35.21%, n=81). Most of the meningiomas were located in the falx and parasagital area. There was a significant correlation between histopathological features of malignancy. These features were observed more frequently and with statistical relation to grade II rather than grade I. Mast cells, psammoma bodies and nuclear pleomorphism had poor associations (P>0.05). When we re-evaluated the tumor grading, 31 patients with grade I meningiomas were upgraded to grade II. None of the meningiomas tested by MSQP were methylated in MGMT promoter sequence. High MIB-1 LI could be indicative for higher grade of meningioma. Continuous revision of the classification system is needed to improve the accuracy of prognostic judgments in meningioma. The data confirm that there is no rationale to test meningiomas for MGMT methylation status.
Gene.Gene.2014 Apr 1;538(2):348-53. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.039. Epub 2014 Jan 5.
Histopathological evaluation and grading of meningioma give important prognostic information. We evaluated retrospectively monotonous sheeting, necrosis, hypercellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, small cell changes, brain invasion, mitosis, mast cells, psammoma bodies, MIB-1 labeling index (MIB-1 LI)
PMID 24398011

Assessment of Interleukins IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 in Acute Urticaria.

Papadopoulos J1, Karpouzis A1, Tentes J2, Kouskoukis C1.Author information 1Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.2Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.AbstractBACKGROUND: Urticaria is a skin disease that affects approximately 5% of the general population and manifests itself, not only as an acute but also as a chronic disease. The etiology of the disease varies as well as its clinical manifestations which extend from the presence of urticarial hives to the potentially mortal angioedema. There is a great interest to the disease not only due to its special clinical manifestation but also due to its pathogenetic mechanism. New data in the medical bibliography support the participation of interleukins (ILs) in the pathophysiology of urticaria. The aim of the study is to contribute in the comprehension of possible participation of certain ILs in the pathogenesis of acute urticaria.
Journal of clinical medicine research.J Clin Med Res.2014 Apr;6(2):133-7. doi: 10.14740/jocmr1645w. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
BACKGROUND: Urticaria is a skin disease that affects approximately 5% of the general population and manifests itself, not only as an acute but also as a chronic disease. The etiology of the disease varies as well as its clinical manifestations which extend from the presence of urticarial hives to th
PMID 24578755

Japanese Journal

好塩基球と皮膚の炎症

佐藤貴浩
日本臨床免疫学会会誌 = Japanese journal of clinical immunology 34(2), 63-69, 2011-04-28
好塩基球はその機能や形態においてマスト細胞と類似点が多い．しかし通常末梢組織には存在せず，また末梢血にもわずかしか認められないことからその存在意義はあまり注目されてこなかった．これにはマウスやヒトの組織では好塩基球の存在が通常の染色で確認できなかったことも一因となっている．しかし近年のマウスを用いた研究の進歩により，好塩基球が種々の機能を有していること，そしてマスト細胞とは異なった存在意義を持 …
NAID 10029431836

Development of mast cells

Kitamura Yukihiko,Oboki Keisuke,Ito Akihiko
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 83(6), 164-174, 2007
… Mast cell-committed progenitors (MCPs) leave hematopoietic tissues, migrate in peripheral blood, invade to connective or mucosal tissue, proliferate and differentiate to morphologically identifiable mast cells. … Phenotype of mast cells (connective tissue-type or mucosal type) is determined by the site of lodgment of MCPs. …
NAID 130000093898

COMBINATION OF FIXATION USING PLP FIXATIVE AND EMBEDDING IN PARAFFIN BY THE AMeX METHOD IS USEFUL FOR HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNOTOXICITY

Suzuki Masami,Katsuyama Kiyoka,Adachi Kenji [他],OGAWA Yumie,YOROZU Keigo,FUJII Etsuko,MISAWA Yasuyuki,SUGIMOTO Tetsuro
Journal of toxicological sciences 27(3), 165-172, 2002-08-22
… In hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, tissue architecture was well preserved. … In toluidine blue- and Giemsastained sections, eosinophil granules and the metachromasia of granules in basophil/mast cells were clearly detectable. …
NAID 110001807079