WordNet

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland (同)thyrotropic hormone, thyrotrophin, thyrotrophic hormone, thyroid-stimulating_hormone, TSH

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/22 20:23:46」(JST)

wiki en

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH, or hTSH for human TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T₄), and then triiodothyronine (T₃) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.^[1] It is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid.^[2]^[3] In 1916, Bennett M. Allen and Philip E. Smith found that the pituitary contained a thyrotropic substance.^[4]

Physiology

The system of the thyroid hormones T₃ and T₄.^[5]

Hormone levels

TSH (with a half life of about an hour) stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T₄), which has only a slight effect on metabolism. T₄ is converted to triiodothyronine (T₃), which is the active hormone that stimulates metabolism. About 80% of this conversion is in the liver and other organs, and 20% in the thyroid itself.^[1]

TSH is secreted throughout life but particularly reaches high levels during the periods of rapid growth and development.

The hypothalamus, in the base of the brain, produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce TSH.

Somatostatin is also produced by the hypothalamus, and has an opposite effect on the pituitary production of TSH, decreasing or inhibiting its release.

The concentration of thyroid hormones (T₃ and T₄) in the blood regulates the pituitary release of TSH; when T₃ and T₄ concentrations are low, the production of TSH is increased, and, conversely, when T₃ and T₄ concentrations are high, TSH production is decreased. This is an example of a negative feedback loop.^[6] Any inappropriateness of measured values, for instance a low-normal TSH together with a low-normal T₄ may signal tertiary (central) disease and a TSH to TRH pathology. Elevated reverse T₃ (RT₃) together with low-normal TSH and low-normal T₃, T₄ values, which is regarded as indicative for euthyroid sick syndrome, may also have to be investigated for chronic subacute thyroiditis (SAT) with output of subpotent hormones. Absence of antibodies in patients with diagnoses of an autoimmune thyroid in their past would always be suspicious for development to SAT even in the presence of a normal TSH because there is no known recovery from autoimmunity.

For clinical interpretation of laboratory results it is important to acknowledge that TSH is released in a pulsatile manner^[7]^[8]^[9] resulting in both circadian and ultradian rhythms of its serum concentrations.^[10]

Subunits

TSH is a glycoprotein and consists of two subunits, the alpha and the beta subunit.

The α (alpha) subunit (i.e., chorionic gonadotropin alpha) is nearly identical to that of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The α subunit is thought to be the effector region responsible for stimulation of adenylate cyclase (involved the generation of cAMP).^[11] The α chain has a 92-amino acid sequence.
The β (beta) subunit (TSHB) is unique to TSH, and therefore determines its receptor specificity.^[12] The β chain has a 118-amino acid sequence.

The TSH receptor

The TSH receptor is found mainly on thyroid follicular cells.^[13] Stimulation of the receptor increases T₃ and T₄ production and secretion. This occurs through stimulation of six steps in thyroid hormone synthesis: (1) Up-regulating the activity of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) on the basolateral membrane of follicular cells, thereby increasing intracellular concentrations of iodine (iodine trapping). (2) Stimulating iodination of thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen, a precursor protein of thyroid hormone. (3) Stimulating the conjugation of iodinated tyrosine residues. This leads to the formation of thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃) that remain attached to the thyroglobulin protein. (4) Increased endocytocis of the iodinated thyroglobulin protein across the apical membrane back into the follicular cell. (5) Stimulation of proteolysis of iodinated thyroglobulin to form free thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃). (6) Secretion of thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃) across the basolateral membrane of follicular cells to enter the circulation. This occurs by an unknown mechanism.^[14]

Stimulating antibodies to the TSH receptor mimic TSH and cause Graves' disease. In addition, hCG shows some cross-reactivity to the TSH receptor and therefore can stimulate production of thyroid hormones. In pregnancy, prolonged high concentrations of hCG can produce a transient condition termed gestational hyperthyroidism.^[15] This is also the mechanism of trophoblastic tumors increasing the production of thyroid hormones.

Applications

Diagnostics

Reference ranges for TSH may vary slightly, depending on the method of analysis, and do not necessarily equate to cut-offs for diagnosing thyroid dysfunction. In the UK, guidelines issued by the Association for Clinical Biochemistry suggest a reference range of 0.4-4.5 µIU/mL.^[16] The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) stated that it expected the reference range for adults to be reduced to 0.4–2.5 µIU/mL, because research had shown that adults with an initially measured TSH level of over 2.0 µIU/mL had "an increased odds ratio of developing hypothyroidism over the [following] 20 years, especially if thyroid antibodies were elevated".^[17]

TSH concentrations in children are normally higher than in adults. In 2002, the NACB recommended age-related reference limits starting from about 1.3 to 19 µIU/mL for normal-term infants at birth, dropping to 0.6–10 µIU/mL at 10 weeks old, 0.4–7.0 µIU/mL at 14 months and gradually dropping during childhood and puberty to adult levels, 0.3–3.0 µIU/mL.^[18]^{:Section 2}

Diagnosis of disease

TSH concentrations are measured as part of a thyroid function test in patients suspected of having an excess (hyperthyroidism) or deficiency (hypothyroidism) of thyroid hormones. Interpretation of the results depends on both the TSH and T₄ concentrations. In some situations measurement of T₃ may also be useful.

Source of pathology	TSH level	Thyroid hormone level	Disease causing conditions
Hypothalamus/pituitary	High	High	Benign tumor of the pituitary (adenoma) or thyroid hormone resistance
Hypothalamus/pituitary	Low	Low	Secondary hypothyroidism or "central" hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism	Low	High	Primary hyperthyroidism i.e. Graves' disease
Hypothyroidism	High	Low	Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism), Primary hypothyroidism i.e. Hashimoto's thyroiditis

A TSH assay is now also the recommended screening tool for thyroid disease. Recent advances in increasing the sensitivity of the TSH assay make it a better screening tool than free T₄.^[3]

Monitoring

The therapeutic target range TSH level for patients on treatment ranges between 0.3 and 3.0 μIU/mL.^[19]

For hypothyroid patients on thyroxine, measurement of TSH alone is generally considered sufficient. An increase in TSH above the normal range indicates under-replacement or poor compliance with therapy. A significant reduction in TSH suggests over-treatment. In both cases, a change in dose may be required. A low or low-normal TSH value may also signal pituitary disease. TSH measurements could not be applied any more, however, treatment would have to be continued.

For hyperthyroid patients, both TSH and T₄ are usually monitored. It must also be noted that in pregnancy, TSH measurements do not seem to be a good marker for the well-known association of maternal thyroid hormone availability with offspring neurocognitive development.^[20]

TSH distribution progressively shifts toward higher concentrations with age.^[21]

Therapeutic

A synthetic drug called recombinant human TSH alpha (rhTSHα or simply rhTSH) or thyrotropin alfa (INN) is manufactured by Genzyme Corp under the trade name Thyrogen. It is used to treat thyroid cancer.^[22]

References

^ ^a ^b Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Thyroid gland disorders.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
^ ^a ^b Sacher R, Richard A. McPherson (2000). Widmann's Clinical Interpretation of Laboratory Tests, 11th ed. F.A. Davis Company. ISBN 0-8036-0270-7.
^ Magner J (June 2014). "Historical note: many steps led to the 'discovery' of thyroid-stimulating hormone". European Thyroid Journal. 3 (2): 95–100. PMC 4109514 . PMID 25114872. doi:10.1159/000360534.
^ References used in image are found in image article in Commons:Commons:File:Thyroid system.png#References.
^ Estrada JM, Soldin D, Buckey TM, Burman KD, Soldin OP (Mar 2014). "Thyrotropin isoforms: implications for thyrotropin analysis and clinical practice". Thyroid. 24 (3): 411–23. PMC 3949435 . PMID 24073798. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0119.
^ Greenspan SL, Klibanski A, Schoenfeld D, Ridgway EC (Sep 1986). "Pulsatile secretion of thyrotropin in man". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 63 (3): 661–8. PMID 3734036. doi:10.1210/jcem-63-3-661.
^ Brabant G, Prank K, Ranft U, Schuermeyer T, Wagner TO, Hauser H, Kummer B, Feistner H, Hesch RD, von zur Mühlen A (Feb 1990). "Physiological regulation of circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in normal man and woman". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 70 (2): 403–9. PMID 2105332. doi:10.1210/jcem-70-2-403.
^ Samuels MH, Veldhuis JD, Henry P, Ridgway EC (Aug 1990). "Pathophysiology of pulsatile and copulsatile release of thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and alpha-subunit". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 71 (2): 425–32. PMID 1696277. doi:10.1210/jcem-71-2-425.
^ Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Larisch R, Dietrich JW (20 November 2015). "Homeostatic Control of the Thyroid-Pituitary Axis: Perspectives for Diagnosis and Treatment". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 6: 177. PMC 4653296 . PMID 26635726. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00177.
^ Lalli E, Sassone-Corsi P (Oct 1995). "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-directed induction of the CREM gene in the thyroid gland participates in the long-term desensitization of the TSH receptor" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (21): 9633–7. PMC 40856 . PMID 7568187. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9633.
^ Porcellini A, Messina S, De Gregorio G, Feliciello A, Carlucci A, Barone M, Picascia A, De Blasi A, Avvedimento EV (Oct 2003). "The expression of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase RII beta regulatory subunit confers TSH-cAMP-dependent growth to mouse fibroblasts". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (42): 40621–30. PMID 12902333. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307501200.
^ Parmentier M, Libert F, Maenhaut C, Lefort A, Gérard C, Perret J, Van Sande J, Dumont JE, Vassart G (Dec 1989). "Molecular cloning of the thyrotropin receptor". Science. 246 (4937): 1620–2. PMID 2556796. doi:10.1126/science.2556796.
^ Boron W, Boulpaed E (2012). Medical Physiology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1046. ISBN 978-1-4377-1753-2. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Fantz CR, Dagogo-Jack S, Ladenson JH, Gronowski AM (Dec 1999). "Thyroid function during pregnancy". Clinical Chemistry. 45 (12): 2250–8. PMID 10585360.
^ Use of thyroid function tests: guidelines development group (2006-06-01). "UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests" (pdf). Retrieved 2014-01-14.
^ Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B, Demers LM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Henry JF, LiVosli VA, Niccoli-Sire P, John R, Ruf J, Smyth PP, Spencer CA, Stockigt JR (Jan 2003). "Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease". Thyroid. 13 (1): 3–126. PMID 12625976. doi:10.1089/105072503321086962.
^ Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, Gharib H, Guttler RB, Kaplan MM, Segal RL (2002). "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism" (PDF). Endocrine Practice. 8 (6): 457–69. PMID 15260011.
^ Baskin; et al. (2002). "AACE Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for Evaluation and Treatment of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism" (PDF). American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. pp. 462, 465.
^ Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, Chaker L, Jaddoe VW, de Rijke YB, Steegers EA, Visser TJ, White T, Tiemeier H, Peeters RP (Oct 2015). "Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4: 35–43. PMID 26497402. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00327-7.
^ Surks MI, Hollowell JG (2007). "Age-specific distribution of serum thyrotropin and antithyroid antibodies in the US population: implications for the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 92 (12): 4575–82. PMID 17911171. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1499.
^ Duntas LH, Tsakalakos N, Grab-Duntas B, Kalarritou M, Papadodima E (2003). "The use of recombinant human thyrotropin (Thyrogen) in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer". Hormones. 2 (3): 169–74. PMID 17003018. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1197.

External links

TSH at Lab Tests Online
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003684
Thyrotropin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 分化型甲状腺癌：放射性ヨード治療 differentiated thyroid cancer radioiodine treatment
2. 成人における甲状腺腫に対する診断的アプローチおよび治療 diagnostic approach to and treatment of goiter in adults
3. 分化型甲状腺癌：マネージメントの概要 differentiated thyroid cancer overview of management
4. 分化型甲状腺癌：血清サイログロブリンの役割 differentiated thyroid cancer role of serum thyroglobulin
5. 閉塞性または胸骨下甲状腺腫の治療 treatment of obstructive or substernal goiter

English Journal

SPECT/CT imaging in children with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Kim HY, Gelfand MJ, Sharp SE.SourceDepartment of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
Pediatric radiology.Pediatr Radiol.2011 May 24. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: SPECT/CT improves localization of single photon-emitting radiopharmaceuticals.OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of SPECT/CT in children with papillary thyroid carcinoma.MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 SPECT/CT and planar studies were reviewed in 13 children with papillary thyroid carcinoma a
PMID 21607603

Japanese Journal

遺伝子組換え甲状腺癌術後診断補助剤ヒトチロトロピンアルファ(遺伝子組換え)(販売名 : タイロゲン^【○!R】筋注用0.9mg)の薬理学的特長および臨床効果

岸田博
日本薬理学雑誌 134(1), 28-34, 2009-07-01
ヒトチロトロピン　アルファ（遺伝子組換え）（以下rhTSH，販売名：タイロゲン®筋注用0.9 mg，製造販売元（輸入）：佐藤製薬株式会社，製造元：Genzyme社（米国））は，分化型甲状腺癌で甲状腺全摘または準全摘術を施行された患者における，放射性ヨウ素シンチグラフィーと血清サイログロブリン（Tg）試験の併用またはTg試験による診断の補助をする薬剤である．甲状腺全摘または準全摘施行患者に …
NAID 10025741099

「alfa」

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, beta
Identifiers
Symbol	TSHB
Entrez	7252
HUGO	12372
OMIM	188540
RefSeq	NM_000549
UniProt	P01222
Other data
Locus	Chr. 1 p13

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, alpha
Identifiers
Symbol	CGA
Alt. symbols	HCG, GPHa, GPHA1
Entrez	1081
HUGO	1885
OMIM	118850
RefSeq	NM_000735
UniProt	P01215
Other data
Locus	Chr. 6 q14-q21

　　[★]

α、アルファ

関: alpha

「thyrotropin」

　　[★] 甲状腺刺激ホルモン　

[Merck-1] Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Thyroid gland disorders.

[2] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.

[Sacher-3] Sacher R, Richard A. McPherson (2000). Widmann's Clinical Interpretation of Laboratory Tests, 11th ed. F.A. Davis Company. ISBN 0-8036-0270-7.

[4] Magner J (June 2014). "Historical note: many steps led to the 'discovery' of thyroid-stimulating hormone". European Thyroid Journal. 3 (2): 95–100. PMC 4109514 . PMID 25114872. doi:10.1159/000360534.

[5] References used in image are found in image article in Commons:Commons:File:Thyroid system.png#References.

[pmid24073798-6] Estrada JM, Soldin D, Buckey TM, Burman KD, Soldin OP (Mar 2014). "Thyrotropin isoforms: implications for thyrotropin analysis and clinical practice". Thyroid. 24 (3): 411–23. PMC 3949435 . PMID 24073798. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0119.

[7] Greenspan SL, Klibanski A, Schoenfeld D, Ridgway EC (Sep 1986). "Pulsatile secretion of thyrotropin in man". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 63 (3): 661–8. PMID 3734036. doi:10.1210/jcem-63-3-661.

[8] Brabant G, Prank K, Ranft U, Schuermeyer T, Wagner TO, Hauser H, Kummer B, Feistner H, Hesch RD, von zur Mühlen A (Feb 1990). "Physiological regulation of circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in normal man and woman". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 70 (2): 403–9. PMID 2105332. doi:10.1210/jcem-70-2-403.

[9] Samuels MH, Veldhuis JD, Henry P, Ridgway EC (Aug 1990). "Pathophysiology of pulsatile and copulsatile release of thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and alpha-subunit". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 71 (2): 425–32. PMID 1696277. doi:10.1210/jcem-71-2-425.

[10] Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Larisch R, Dietrich JW (20 November 2015). "Homeostatic Control of the Thyroid-Pituitary Axis: Perspectives for Diagnosis and Treatment". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 6: 177. PMC 4653296 . PMID 26635726. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00177.

[11] Lalli E, Sassone-Corsi P (Oct 1995). "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-directed induction of the CREM gene in the thyroid gland participates in the long-term desensitization of the TSH receptor" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (21): 9633–7. PMC 40856 . PMID 7568187. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9633.

[12] Porcellini A, Messina S, De Gregorio G, Feliciello A, Carlucci A, Barone M, Picascia A, De Blasi A, Avvedimento EV (Oct 2003). "The expression of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase RII beta regulatory subunit confers TSH-cAMP-dependent growth to mouse fibroblasts". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (42): 40621–30. PMID 12902333. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307501200.

[pmid2556796-13] Parmentier M, Libert F, Maenhaut C, Lefort A, Gérard C, Perret J, Van Sande J, Dumont JE, Vassart G (Dec 1989). "Molecular cloning of the thyrotropin receptor". Science. 246 (4937): 1620–2. PMID 2556796. doi:10.1126/science.2556796.

[14] Boron W, Boulpaed E (2012). Medical Physiology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1046. ISBN 978-1-4377-1753-2. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[pmid10585360-15] Fantz CR, Dagogo-Jack S, Ladenson JH, Gronowski AM (Dec 1999). "Thyroid function during pregnancy". Clinical Chemistry. 45 (12): 2250–8. PMID 10585360.

[urlwww.british-thyroid-association.org-16] Use of thyroid function tests: guidelines development group (2006-06-01). "UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests" (pdf). Retrieved 2014-01-14.

[pmid12625976-17] Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B, Demers LM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Henry JF, LiVosli VA, Niccoli-Sire P, John R, Ruf J, Smyth PP, Spencer CA, Stockigt JR (Jan 2003). "Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease". Thyroid. 13 (1): 3–126. PMID 12625976. doi:10.1089/105072503321086962.

[aace-18] Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, Gharib H, Guttler RB, Kaplan MM, Segal RL (2002). "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism" (PDF). Endocrine Practice. 8 (6): 457–69. PMID 15260011.

[aace1-19] Baskin; et al. (2002). "AACE Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for Evaluation and Treatment of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism" (PDF). American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. pp. 462, 465.

[20] Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, Chaker L, Jaddoe VW, de Rijke YB, Steegers EA, Visser TJ, White T, Tiemeier H, Peeters RP (Oct 2015). "Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4: 35–43. PMID 26497402. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00327-7.

[21] Surks MI, Hollowell JG (2007). "Age-specific distribution of serum thyrotropin and antithyroid antibodies in the US population: implications for the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 92 (12): 4575–82. PMID 17911171. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1499.

[pmid17003018-22] Duntas LH, Tsakalakos N, Grab-Duntas B, Kalarritou M, Papadodima E (2003). "The use of recombinant human thyrotropin (Thyrogen) in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer". Hormones. 2 (3): 169–74. PMID 17003018. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1197.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

thyrotropin alfa