WordNet

set the speed, duration, or execution of; "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely"
a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; "take time to smell the roses"; "I didnt have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time"
a suitable moment; "it is time to go"
adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time; "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely"
an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time"
regulate or set the time of; "time the clock"
the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
an instance or single occasion for some event; "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip" (同)clip
a persons experience on a particular occasion; "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together"
assign a time for an activity or event; "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene"
shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii (同)Cordyline terminalis
the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization (同)te, si
the regulation of occurrence, pace, or coordination to achieve a desired effect (as in music, theater, athletics, mechanics)
the time when something happens
a more or less definite period of time now or previously present; "it was a sign of the times"
an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot

PrepTutorEJDIC

《略》 teetotal; teetotaller; tuberculin-tested
〈U〉《冠詞をつけずに》(空間に対しての)『時間』,時 / 〈U〉(時計で示される)『時刻』 / 〈U〉(ある方式で決められる)『時間』,標準時 / 〈C〉〈U〉(特定の)『時』,おり,ころ / 〈U〉《しばしば A ~》(ある長さの)『時間』,期間 / 〈U〉(要する)『時間』;暇 / 《しばしば複数形で》(歴史上の)『時代』 / 《複数形で》時勢,景気 / 《one's ~》(個人の)一生;若いころ;生涯の特定の時期 / 〈U〉《しばしば A ~》(ある経験をした)『時間』 / 〈C〉『…回』,度 / 〈C〉『…倍』 / …の時間を定める / (…に)…の調子を合わせる《+名+to+名》 / …の時間を計る
シ(全音階の第7音)
時間の調節;時間を測定[記録]すること
…掛ける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/28 13:05:06」(JST)

wiki en

The thrombin time (TT), also known as the thrombin clotting time (TCT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for a clot to form in the plasma of a blood sample containing anticoagulant, after an excess of thrombin has been added.^[1] It is used to diagnose blood coagulation disorders and to assess the effectiveness of fibrinolytic therapy. This test is repeated with pooled plasma from normal patients. The difference in time between the test and the 'normal' indicates an abnormality in the conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble protein) to fibrin, an insoluble protein.^[2]

The thrombin time compares the rate of clot formation to that of a sample of normal pooled plasma. Thrombin is added to the samples of plasma. If the time it takes for the plasma to clot is prolonged, a quantitative (fibrinogen deficiency) or qualitative (dysfunctional fibrinogen) defect is present.^[3] In blood samples containing heparin, a substance derived from snake venom called batroxobin^[4] (formerly reptilase) is used instead of thrombin. Batroxobin has a similar action to thrombin but unlike thrombin it is not inhibited by heparin.^[1]

Normal values for thrombin time are 12 to 14 seconds.^[5] If batroxobin is used, the time should be between 15 and 20 seconds. Thrombin time can be prolonged by heparin, fibrin degradation products, and fibrinogen deficiency or abnormality.

Test procedure

After separating the plasma from the whole blood by centrifugation, bovine thrombin is added to the sample of plasma. Clot formation is detected optically or mechanically by a coagulation instrument. The time between the addition of the thrombin and the clot formation is recorded as the thrombin clotting time.

Specimen requirements

Whole blood is taken with either citrate or oxalate additive (if using the vacutainer system, this is a light blue top tube). As with other coagulation assays, the tube must not be over- or under-filled in order to ensure the correct anticoagulant-to-blood ratio: one part anticoagulant per nine parts blood.

Reference ranges

The reference ranges of the Thrombin Clotting time is generally <22 seconds,^[6] and from 14 to 16 seconds.^[5] Laboratories usually calculate their own ranges, based on the method used and the results obtained from healthy individuals from the local population. Separate ranges are used for infants.^[7]

Limitations

Blood samples that are more than eight hours old can give inaccurate results when tested.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b David Lillicrap; Nigel Key; Michael Makris; Denise O'Shaughnessy (2009). Practical Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 53. ISBN 1-4051-8460-4.
^ Popović M, Smiljanić K, Dobutović B, Syrovets T, Simmet T, Isenović ER (January 2012). "Thrombin and vascular inflammation". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 359 (1-2): 301–13. doi:10.1007/s11010-011-1024-x. PMID 21858738.
^ Hatton, Chris (2008). Haematology (Lecture Notes). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 1-4051-8050-1.
^ Batroxobin factsheet
^ ^a ^b Hoffbrand, A. V. (2002). Essential haematology. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 248. ISBN 0-632-05153-1.
^ Gastineau DA, Gertz MA, Daniels TM, Kyle RA, Bowie EJ (June 1991). "Inhibitor of the thrombin time in systemic amyloidosis: a common coagulation abnormality". Blood 77 (12): 2637–40. PMID 1904284.
^ Practical Haemostasis
^ Heil W, Grunewald R, Amend M, Heins M (June 1998). "Influence of time and temperature on coagulation analytes in stored plasma". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : CCLM / FESCC 36 (7): 459–62. doi:10.1515/CCLM.1998.077. PMID 9746270.

External links

http://peir.path.uab.edu/coag/article_136.shtml
http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/coag/tt.html
http://www.rnceus.com/coag/coagtt.html
http://www.fpnotebook.com/hemeonc/lab/ThrmbnTm.htm

UpToDate Contents

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1. 凝固検査の臨床使用 clinical use of coagulation tests
2. Management of bleeding in patients receiving target-specific oral anticoagulants
3. 出血性素因を有する成人患者へのアプローチ approach to the adult patient with a bleeding diathesis
4. 出血症状を有する小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with bleeding symptoms
5. TTウイルスおよびその他のアネロウイルス tt virus and other anelloviruses

English Journal

Supersandwich-type electrochemiluminescenct aptasensor based on Ru(phen)3(2+) functionalized hollow gold nanoparticles as signal-amplifying tags.

Gui G, Zhuo Y, Chai YQ, Liao N, Zhao M, Han J, Zhu Q, Yuan R, Xiang Y.SourceKey Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bijie University, Guizhou 551700, China.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Sep 15;47:524-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.075. Epub 2013 Apr 6.
An electrochemiluminescent (ECL) aptasensor was fabricated and used for the amplified detection of thrombin (TB) based on DNA supersandwich structure. Herein, hollow gold nanospheres (HGNPs) were firstly employed as effective tag-carriers for the immobilization of detection aptamer (TBA 2) to form t
PMID 23643946

A sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for thrombin detection based on exonuclease-catalyzed target recycling and enzyme-catalysis.

Yi H, Xu W, Yuan Y, Wu Y, Chai Y, Yuan R.SourceKey Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, The Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Sep 15;47:368-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.045. Epub 2013 Apr 2.
In the present study, a sensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on exonuclease-catalyzed target recycling and enzyme-catalysis was developed for thrombin (TB) detection. Firstly, the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was abundantly embedded in the 3-(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) sol with a 3-
PMID 23603135

Japanese Journal

Coagulation and fibrinolysis abnormalities in familial amyloid polyneuropathy

Takahashi Ryoichi,Ono Kenjiro,Ikeda Tokuhei,Akagi Akio,Noto Daisuke,Nozaki Ichiro,Sakai Kenji,Asakura Hidesaku,Iwasa Kazuo,Yamada Masahito
Amyloid 19(3), 129-132, 2012-09-00
… We examined plasma biomarkers of coagulation and fibrinolysis including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, D-dimer, α2-antiplasmin, antithrombin, plasminogen, thrombin-antithrombin complex, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex, prothrombin fragment 1+2, and coagulation factor X. …
NAID 120004754690

rhAPC reduces the endothelial cell permeability via a decrease of contractile tensions induced by endothelial cells(CELL AND TISSUE ENGINEERING)

Demirci Eylem Kurulgan,Demirci Taylan,Linder Peter,Trzewik Juergen,Gierkowski Jessica Ricarda,Gossmann Matthias,Kayser Peter,Porst Dariusz,Digel Ilya,Artmann Gerhard Michael,Artmann Aysegul Temiz
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(2), 212-219, 2012-08-00
… In this study, the established in-vitro sepsis model was confirmed by interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels at the proteomic and genomic levels by ELISA, real time-PCR and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation by florescence staining. … The thrombin cellular contraction effect on endothelial cells was used as a positive control when the CellDrum technology was applied. …
NAID 110009495432