WordNet
- thrush-like American songbird able to mimic other birdsongs (同)mocking thrush
- common large songbird of eastern United States having reddish-brown plumage (同)brown thrush, Toxostoma rufums
- move data into and out of core rather than performing useful computation; "The system is thrashing again!"
- a swimming kick used while treading water
- beat the seeds out of a grain (同)thresh
- give a thrashing to; beat hard (同)thresh, lam, flail
- beat so fast that (the hearts) output starts dropping until (it) does not manage to pump out blood at all
PrepTutorEJDIC
- むろ打つ人;たたく人(もの) / ツグミモドキ(北米産の小鳥)
- (棒などで)…‘を'打つ,打ちすえる / …‘を'徹底的にやっつける / (ときにthreshとして) / ころげまわる,のたうつ《+about》
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/02/10 15:58:24」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
For other uses, see Thrasher (disambiguation).
Thrashers |
|
Brown thrasher
Toxostoma rufum |
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Animalia |
Phylum: |
Chordata |
Class: |
Aves |
Order: |
Passeriformes |
Family: |
Mimidae |
Genera |
Allenia
Margarops
Oreoscoptes
Ramphocinclus
Toxostoma
|
Thrashers are a New World group of passerine birds related to mockingbirds and New World catbirds. Like these, they are in the Mimidae family. There are 15 species in one large and 4 monotypic genera.
These do not form a clade but are a phenetic assemblage. It is rather likely than not — though by no means robustly supported — that the sage thrasher is a basal lineage among a group also consisting of mockingbirds and Toxostoma thrashers. The Caribbean thrashers occupy varying positions in an assemblage consisting of them, the tremblers, and the New World catbirds. Here, the white-breasted thrasher appears to be quite basal though it is impossible to place it anywhere with certainty, whereas the pearly-eyed thrasher is probably quite close to the tremblers. (Hunt et al. 2001, Barber et al. 2004)
Their common name describes the behaviour of these birds when searching for food on the ground: they use their long bills to "thrash" through dirt or dead leaves. All of these birds eat insects and several species also eat berries.
Taxonomic list
Genus Oreoscoptes
- Sage thrasher, Oreoscoptes montanus
Genus Toxostoma – typical thrashers
- Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum
- Long-billed thrasher, Toxostoma longirostre
- Cozumel thrasher, Toxostoma guttatum – possibly extinct (2006?)
- Gray thrasher, Toxostoma cinereum
- Bendire's thrasher, Toxostoma bendirei
- Ocellated thrasher, Toxostoma ocellatum
- Curve-billed thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre
- California thrasher, Toxostoma redivivum
- Crissal thrasher, Toxostoma crissale
- Le Conte's thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei
- Vizcaino thrasher, Toxostoma arenicola
Genus Ramphocinclus
- White-breasted thrasher, Ramphocinclus brachyurus
Genus Allenia – formerly in Margarops
- Scaly-breasted thrasher, Allenia fusca
- Barbados scaly-breasted thrasher, Allenia fusca atlantica – extinct (c. 1990)
Genus Margarops
- Pearly-eyed thrasher, Margarops fuscatus
References
- Barber, Brian R.; Martínez-Gómez, Juan E. & Peterson, A. Townsend (2004): Systematic position of the Socorro mockingbird Mimodes graysoni. J. Avian Biol. 35: 195–198. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03233.x (HTML abstract)
- Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Bermingham, Eldredge; & Ricklefs, Robert E. (2001): Molecular systematics and biogeography of Antillean thrashers, tremblers, and mockingbirds (Aves: Mimidae). Auk 118(1): 35–55. DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0035:MSABOA]2.0.CO;2 HTML fulltext without images
External links
- Thrasher videos on the Internet Bird Collection
English Journal
- The predictive utility of micro indicators of concern about smoking: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country study.
- Partos TR1, Borland R2, Thrasher JF3, Li L4, Yong HH5, O'Connor RJ6, Siahpush M7.
- Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2014 Aug;39(8):1235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.001. Epub 2014 Apr 12.
- This study explored the association between six "micro indicators" of concern about smoking (1. stubbing out cigarettes before finishing; 2. forgoing cigarettes due to packet warning labels; thinking about… 3. the harms to oneself of smoking; 4. the harms to others of one's smoking; 5. the bad con
- PMID 24813549
- Pictorial health warning label content and smokers' understanding of smoking-related risks-a cross-country comparison.
- Swayampakala K1, Thrasher JF2, Hammond D2, Yong HH2, Bansal-Travers M2, Krugman D2, Brown A2, Borland R2, Hardin J2.
- Health education research.Health Educ Res.2014 May 21. pii: cyu022. [Epub ahead of print]
- The aim of the present study was to assess smokers' level of agreement with smoking-related risks and toxic tobacco constituents relative to inclusion of these topics on health warning labels (HWLs). 1000 adult smokers were interviewed between 2012 and 2013 from online consumer panels of adult smoke
- PMID 24848554
- The Relation Between Number of Smoking Friends, and Quit Intentions, Attempts, and Success: Findings From the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.
- Hitchman SC, Fong GT, Zanna MP, Thrasher JF, Laux FL.
- Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.Psychol Addict Behav.2014 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
- Smokers who inhabit social contexts with a greater number of smokers may be exposed to more positive norms toward smoking and more cues to smoke. This study examines the relation between number of smoking friends and changes in number of smoking friends, and smoking cessation outcomes. Data were dra
- PMID 24841185
Japanese Journal
- 沖縄キリスト教学院大学論集 = Okinawa Christian University Review (9), ⅰ-ⅳ, 2012-12-28
- NAID 120005538207
- 沖縄キリスト教学院大学論集 = Okinawa Christian University Review (9), ⅷ-ⅸ, 2012-12-28
- NAID 120005538205
- 沖縄キリスト教学院大学論集 = Okinawa Christian University Review (9), ⅶ-ⅶ, 2012-12-28
- NAID 120005349649
Related Links
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