thecodont

WordNet

presumably in the common ancestral line to dinosaurs and crocodiles and birds (同)thecodont reptile

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シカドント(先史時代のトカゲ;恐竜の先祖で,現在のワニに至っているとされている)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/25 23:46:48」(JST)

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A girl looks at a reconstructed Karamuru vorax skull

Thecodontia (meaning "socket-teeth"), now considered an obsolete taxonomic grouping, was formerly used to describe a diverse "order" of early archosaurian reptiles that first appeared in the latest Permian period and flourished until the end of the Triassic period. All of them were built somewhat like crocodiles, but with shorter skulls, more erect pose and usually somewhat lighter. The group includes the ancestors of dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodilians, as well as a number of extinct forms that did not give rise to any descendants. The term "thecodont" is still used as an anatomical description of the tooth morphology seen in these species and others.

Definition

"Thecodonts" are characterized by certain shared primitive features, such as the antorbital fenestra (an opening on each side of the skull between the eye sockets and the nostrils) and teeth in sockets. The name "thecodont" is Greek for "socket-tooth," referring to the fact that thecodont teeth were set in sockets in the jawbones; an archosaurian characteristic that was inherited by the dinosaurs. While the taxon "Thecodontia" is obsolete, the term "thecodont" remains in use as an anatomical description of teeth in bony sockets; in addition to species formerly in this group (such as crocodiles and dinosaurs), mammals also possess thecodont dentition, which evolved independently.

They constitute an evolutionary grade of animals, a "wastebasket taxon" for any archosaur other than a crocodilian, a pterosaur, or a dinosaur (any basal archosaur). Because the cladistic paradigm only recognises monophyletic taxa as natural groups, and because thecodonts are a paraphyletic group (they include among their descendants animals that are not thecodonts), the term is no longer used as a formal name by most paleontologists, but it can still be found in older (and even fairly recent) books as a convenient shorthand for the basal archosaurs.

Taxonomic history

Rutiodon, one of the aquatic and superficially crocodile-like phytosaurs

Traditionally, the order Thecodontia Owen, 1859 was divided into four suborders, the Proterosuchia (early primitive forms, another paraphyletic assemblage), Phytosauria (large crocodile-like semi-aquatic animals), the Aetosauria (armoured herbivores), and the Pseudosuchia (see e.g. Alfred Sherwood Romer's Vertebrate Paleontology and Edwin H. Colbert's Evolution of the Vertebrates). Of these, only phytosaurs and aetosaurs constitute monophyletic groups, and the term Pseudosuchia was simply a catch-all term for any species that didn't fit in one of the other three sub-orders. Pseudosuchia as used in recent literature is a stem-based taxon that includes crocodile-line archosaurs, or all archosaurs (including crocodilians) that are more closely related to crocodilians than birds.

Robert Carroll in his book Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (1988) replaces Pseudosuchia with Rauisuchia, Ornithosuchia, and the traditional category incertae sedis (of uncertain placement), while retaining the other three suborders. This is the last major textbook that still recognizes the taxon Thecodontia, as it uses a traditional Linnaean based taxonomy.

Brian Gardiner (1982) attempted to define Thecodontia within a cladistic framework, thus giving the old name to a new concept. All recent cladistic studies (e.g. Jacques Gauthier 1986) have confirmed that the traditional Thecodontia is indeed a paraphyletic taxon, the members of which are not united by any shared derived characteristics. As the association of the name with the outdated concept proved to be very strong, it is now considered a historical term only, and its current usage has been abandoned.

References

Benton, M. J. 1997, Vertebrate Paleontology, Blackwell Science Ltd
Carroll, R. L. 1988, Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, W. H. Freeman and Co. New York
Colbert, E H. 1969, Evolution of the Vertebrates, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
Gardiner, BG (1982). Tetrapod classification. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 74: 207-232.
Gauthier, J., 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In: K. Padian, ed. The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs California Academy of Sciences 8. pp. 1–55
Sereno, P. C. 2005. Stem Archosauria—TaxonSearch [version 1.0, 7 November 2005]

External links

Evolution Wiki: Thecodont
Five types of tooth implanting in non-mammals, including thecodont type.
Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul.

English Journal

Periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone in the oldest herbivorous tetrapods, and their evolutionary significance.

LeBlanc AR, Reisz RR.SourceDepartment of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Sep 4;8(9):e74697. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074697.
Tooth implantation provides important phylogenetic and functional information about the dentitions of amniotes. Traditionally, only mammals and crocodilians have been considered truly thecodont, because their tooth roots are coated in layers of cementum for anchorage of the periodontal ligament, whi
PMID 24023957

The mosasaur tooth attachment apparatus as paradigm for the evolution of the gnathostome periodontium.

Luan X, Walker C, Dangaria S, Ito Y, Druzinsky R, Jarosius K, Lesot H, Rieppel O.SourceDepartments of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. xhluan@gmail.com
Evolution & development.Evol Dev.2009 May-Jun;11(3):247-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00327.x.
Vertebrate teeth are attached to jaws by a variety of mechanisms, including acrodont, pleurodont, and thecodont modes of attachment. Recent studies have suggested that various modes of attachment exist within each subcategory. Especially squamates feature a broad diversity of modes of attachment. He
PMID 19469852

Tooth replacement pattern of Coloborhynchus robustus (Pterosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil.

Fastnacht M.SourceForschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Michael.Fastnacht@senckenberg.de
Journal of morphology.J Morphol.2008 Mar;269(3):332-48.
The well preserved anterior upper and lower jaw fragment of an adult specimen of Coloborhynchus robustus (Pterosauria: Ornithocheiridae), SMNK 2302 PAL, allowed investigations of the replacement pattern of the dentition macroscopically and by using CT scans. The quantification of the dentition by Za
PMID 17960804