WordNet

the kinship relation between an individual and the individuals progenitors (同)line of descent, lineage, filiation
the act of changing your location in a downward direction
a downward slope or bend (同)declivity, fall, decline, declination, declension, downslope
a movement downward
of or involving the testes; "testicular cancer"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『降下』 / 〈C〉『下り坂』,下り傾斜 / 〈U〉『家系』,血統,家柄 / 〈C〉急襲,不意の訪問

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 小児における停留精巣：臨床的特徴および評価 undescended testes cryptorchidism in children clinical features and evaluation
2. 小児および思春期における無痛性陰嚢腫脹の原因 causes of painless scrotal swelling in children and adolescents
3. 成人男性における非急性陰嚢疾患の評価 evaluation of nonacute scrotal pathology in adult men
4. 精細管内胚細胞腫瘍、未分類（精巣上皮内癌、精巣上皮内腫瘍） testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified testicular carcinoma in situ testicular intraepithelial neoplasia
5. 精巣癌のスクリーニング screening for testicular cancer

English Journal

Insulin-like factor 3 as a monitor of endocrine disruption.

Anand-Ivell R1, Ivell R.Author information 1School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK.AbstractInsulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is generated and secreted by differentiated interstitial Leydig cells of the testes in both fetal and adult males of all mammalian species so far analyzed. All evidence to date suggests that it is produced constitutively, independently of acute regulation by the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, in amounts which reflect the numbers and differentiation status of the Leydig cells. This Leydig cell functional capacity is otherwise monitored only by androgen output, which, however, is massively confounded by acute regulation from the HPG axis and other factors leading to substantial and irregular short-term variation. Leydig cells are a primary target of endocrine-disrupting agents in the context of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome in the fetal male, as well as in the adult. In the male fetus, INSL3 is responsible for the first phase of testicular descent, and hence is directly linked to the etiology of cryptorchidism. In this study, by measuring INSL3 production, for example, during fetal life via amniotic fluid, or as secretions from fetal testis explants, or in adult peripheral blood, we and others have shown that INSL3 represents a useful quantitative and sensitive endpoint for assessing the impact of endocrine-disrupting agents and their mechanisms of action.
Reproduction (Cambridge, England).Reproduction.2014 Mar 2;147(4):R87-95. doi: 10.1530/REP-13-0486. Print 2014.
Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is generated and secreted by differentiated interstitial Leydig cells of the testes in both fetal and adult males of all mammalian species so far analyzed. All evidence to date suggests that it is produced constitutively, independently of acute regulation by the hypotha
PMID 24256640

Molecular signals governing cremaster muscle development: clues for cryptorchidism.

Szarek M1, Li R2, Vikraman J3, Southwell B3, Hutson JM4.Author information 1Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia.2Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.3Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia.4Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia; Urology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: john.hutson@rch.org.au.AbstractBACKGROUND/AIM: Cryptorchidism affects 2-4% of newborn boys. Testicular descent requires the gubernaculum to differentiate into cremaster muscle (CM) during androgen-mediated inguino-scrotal descent, but the cellular mechanisms regulating this remodeling remain elusive. β-Catenin, a marker of canonical Wnt signaling, promotes myogenic genes and cellular adhesion. We aimed to determine if androgen receptor (AR) blockade altered β-catenin and its downstream myogenic proteins within the CM.
Journal of pediatric surgery.J Pediatr Surg.2014 Feb;49(2):312-6; discussion 316. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.11.049. Epub 2013 Nov 15.
BACKGROUND/AIM: Cryptorchidism affects 2-4% of newborn boys. Testicular descent requires the gubernaculum to differentiate into cremaster muscle (CM) during androgen-mediated inguino-scrotal descent, but the cellular mechanisms regulating this remodeling remain elusive. β-Catenin, a marker of canon
PMID 24528975

Japanese Journal

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Profiles as a Novel Biomarker to Evaluate the Existence of a Functional Cryptorchid Testis in Japanese Black Calves

KITAHARA Go,EL-SHEIKH ALI Hossam,SATO Tomohiro,KOBAYASHI ikuo,HEMMI Koichiro,SHIRAO Yuka,KAMIMURA Shunichi
The Journal of reproduction and development 58(3), 310-315, 2012-06-01
… the sensitivity and specificity for evaluation of testicular descent into the scrotum were 1.0 for both the AMH and T levels. …
NAID 10030821208

両側無精巣症の一卵性双生児第1子にテストステロン補充療法を施行し良好な成長発達を得た1例

加藤大悟,種田建史,大年太陽他
泌尿器科紀要 57(7), 399-401, 2011-07-00
… Bilateral anorchia is defined as the complete absence of testicular tissue with a normal male karyotype and phenotype. … Although the precise etiology is not well understood, mechanical causes during or after testicular descent have been suggested, while genetic factors have also been reported. … The patient was diagnosed with negative elevation of testosterone after hCG administration and surgical exploration confirmed the absence of a testicular structure. …
NAID 40018932622