関: SAR

WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion
the capacity of an organism to defend itself against harmful environmental agents; "these trees are widely planted because of their resistance to salt and smog"
the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with; "he encountered a general feeling of resistance from many citizens"; "despite opposition from the newspapers he went ahead" (同)opposition
(psychiatry) an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness
group action in opposition to those in power
the military action of resisting the enemys advance; "the enemy offered little resistance"
the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria)
locate (a moving entity) by means of a tracking system such as radar
win something through ones efforts; "I acquired a passing knowledge of Chinese"; "Gain an understanding of international finance" (同)win, gain
affecting an entire system; "a systemic poison"
gotten through environmental forces; "acquired characteristics (such as a suntan or a broken nose) cannot be passed on"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
〈U〉〈C〉(…に)『抵抗』(『反抗』)『すること』;(…を)『こらえること』《+『to』(『against』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(病気などに対する)『抵抗力』《+『against』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(またresistance movement)(権力・圧制に対する)抵抗運動,レジスタンス / 〈U〉(空気の)抵抗;(電気の)抵抗
(不断の努力・習慣などで)…'を'『習得する』,身につける / 〈財産・権利など〉'を'手に入れる,取得する
(身体・言語のように)体系の,組織の / 全身の,全身的

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/28 01:19:53」(JST)

wiki en

The systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen. SAR is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals, and there is evidence that SAR in plants and innate immunity in animals may be evolutionarily conserved^{[citation needed]}. Plants use pattern-recognition receptors to recognize conserved microbial signatures. This recognition triggers an immune response. The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice (XA21, 1995)^[1] and in Arabidopsis (FLS2, 2000).^[2] Plants also carry immune receptors that recognize highly variable pathogen effectors. These include the NBS-LRR class of proteins. SAR is important for plants to resist disease, as well as to recover from disease once formed. SAR can be induced by a wide range of pathogens, especially (but not only) those that cause tissue necrosis, and the resistance observed following induction of SAR is effective against a wide range of pathogens, which is why SAR resistance is sometimes called "broad spectrum." SAR is associated with the induction of a wide range of genes (so called PR or "pathogenesis-related" genes), and the activation of SAR requires the accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (SA). The pathogen-induced SA signal activates a molecular signal transduction pathway that is identified by a gene called NIM1, NPR1 or SAI1 (three names for the same gene) in the model genetic system Arabidopsis thaliana. SAR has been observed in a wide range of flowering plants, including dicotyledon and monocotyledon species. SAR can be activated in corn, however, widely adapted commercial like Benzothiadiazole may not be efficient against P. sorghi causing common rust.^[3]

References

^ Song, W.Y. et al. (1995). "A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, XA21". Science 270 (5243): 1804–1806. doi:10.1126/science.270.5243.1804. PMID 8525370.
^ Gomez-Gomez, L. et al. (2000). "FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis". Molecular Cell 5 (6): 1003–1011. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8. PMID 10911994.
^ [1]

Gautam, P. and Stein, J. 2011. Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance to Puccinia sorghi in Corn. International Journal of Plant Pathology 2(1): 43-50 [2]
Miller G et al., (2009) The plant NADPH oxidase RBOHD mediates rapid systemic signaling in response to diverse stimuli. Sci. Signal. 2, ra45.
Ryals et al., (1996) Systemic Acquired Resistance. The Plant Cell 8: 1809-1819.[3]

External links

Exploiting Plants' Protective Proteins

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English Journal

Eugenol enhances the resistance of tomato against tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

Wang C1, Fan Y.Author information 1Department of Plant Protection, Univesity of Nanjing Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.AbstractBACKGROUND: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of eugenol on controlling TYLCVD. The potential of eugenol to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato (Jiangsu 14) plants against TYLCV was also investigated.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2014 Mar 15;94(4):677-82. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6304. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
BACKGROUND: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, w
PMID 23852671

Chemical inducers of systemic immunity in plants.

Gao QM1, Kachroo A, Kachroo P.Author information 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.AbstractSystemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a highly desirable form of resistance that protects against a broad-spectrum of related or unrelated pathogens. SAR involves the generation of multiple signals at the site of primary infection, which arms distal portions against subsequent secondary infections. The last decade has witnessed considerable progress, and a number of chemical signals contributing to SAR have been isolated and characterized. The diverse chemical nature of these chemicals had led to the growing belief that SAR might involve interplay of multiple diverse and independent signals. However, recent results suggest that coordinated signalling from diverse signalling components facilitates SAR in plants. This review mainly discusses organized signalling by two such chemicals, glycerol-3-phoshphate and azelaic acid, and the role of basal salicylic acid levels in G3P-conferred SAR.
Journal of experimental botany.J Exp Bot.2014 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a highly desirable form of resistance that protects against a broad-spectrum of related or unrelated pathogens. SAR involves the generation of multiple signals at the site of primary infection, which arms distal portions against subsequent secondary infections.
PMID 24591049

Bioluminescence and 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Visualize the Efficacy of Lysostaphin Alone and in Combination with Oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus in Murine Thigh and Catheter-Associated Infection Models.

Hertlein T1, Sturm V, Lorenz U, Sumathy K, Jakob P, Ohlsen K.Author information 1Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.AbstractStaphylococci are the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Increasingly, they resist antibiotic treatment owing to the development of multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms in most strains. Therefore, the activity and efficacy of recombinant lysostaphin as a drug against this pathogen have been evaluated. Lysostaphin exerts high levels of activity against antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The therapeutic value of lysostaphin has been analyzed in two different clinically relevant in vivo models, a catheter-associated infection model and a thigh infection model. We infected mice with luciferase-expressing S. aureus Xen 29, and the efficacies of lysostaphin, vancomycin, oxacillin, and combined lysostaphin-oxacillin were investigated by determining numbers of CFU, detecting bioluminescent signals, and measuring the accumulation of perfluorocarbon emulsion at the site of infection by (19)F magnetic resonance imaging. Lysostaphin treatment significantly reduced the bacterial burden in infected thigh muscles and, after systemic spreading from the catheter, in inner organs. The efficiency of lysostaphin treatment was even more pronounced in combinatorial therapy with oxacillin. These results suggest that recombinant lysostaphin may have potential as an anti-S. aureus drug worthy of further clinical development. In addition, both imaging technologies demonstrated efficacy patterns similar to that of CFU determination, although they proved to be less sensitive. Nonetheless, they served as powerful tools to provide additional information about the course and gravity of infection in a noninvasive manner, possibly allowing a reduction in the number of animals needed for research evaluation of new antibiotics in future studies.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2014 Mar;58(3):1630-8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01422-13. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
Staphylococci are the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Increasingly, they resist antibiotic treatment owing to the development of multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms in most strains. Therefore, the activity and efficacy of recombinant lysostaphin as a drug against this
PMID 24366730

Japanese Journal

ハタケシメジ廃菌床のオートクレーブ水抽出液によるイネいもち病の発病抑制

荒瀬榮,近藤雄祐,PARADA JACO Roxana Yanira [他],尾谷浩,上野誠,木原淳一
日本きのこ学会誌 : mushroom science and biotechnology 21(2), 79-83, 2013-07-31
ハタケシメジ(Lyophyllum decastes)の廃菌床のオートクレーブ水抽出液(AWESMS)のイネいもち病に対する発病抑制効果を検討した.イネ品種コシヒカリに抽出液を前処理しておくと蒸留水やハタケシメジの未接種菌床抽出液(AWEMS)の前処理に比べて葉いもちの発生が著しく抑制された.発病の抑制効果は廃菌床抽出液の処理2日後から認められ,14日後まで持続した.AWESMSとAWEMSは共に …
NAID 110009631311