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Syntrophy, Synthrophy,[1] Cross-feeding, or Cross feeding [Greek syn meaning together, trophe meaning nourishment] is the phenomenon that one species lives off the products of another species. In this association the growth of one partner is improved or depends on the nutrients, growth factors or substrate provided by the other partner. This term for nutritional interdependence is often used in microbiology to describe this symbiotic relationship between some bacterial species.[2][3]
An example of syntrophy is that of the house dust mite that lives off human skin flakes, of which a healthy human being produces about 1 gram per day. These mites can also produce chemicals that stimulate the production of skin flakes, and people can become allergic to these compounds.
Another example is the many organisms that feast on faeces or dung. A cow eats a lot of grass, the cellulose of which is transformed into lipids by micro-organisms in the cow's large intestine. These micro-organisms cannot use the lipids because of lack of dioxygen in the intestine, so the cow does not take up all lipids produced. When the processed grass leaves the intestine as dung and comes into open air, many organisms, such as the dung beetle, feast on it.
Yet another example is the community of micro-organisms in soil that live off leaf litter. Leaves typically last one year and are then replaced by new ones. These micro-organisms mineralize the discarded leaves and release nutrients that are taken up by the plant. Such relationships are called reciprocal syntrophy because the plant lives off the products of micro-organisms. Many symbiotic relationships are based on syntrophy. Finally, anaerobic fermentation/methanogenesis is an example of a syntrophic relationship between different groups of microorganism. Although fermentative bacteria are not strictly dependent on syntrophyic relationships, they still gain profit from the activities of the hydrogen-scavenging organisms, as the fermentative bacteria gain maximum energy yield when protons are used as electron acceptor with concurrent H2 production (Dolfing, 1988; Schink, 1997). Also, acetogenic bacteria and methanogenic archea are the two groups of microorganisms living in syntrophy during the methanogenesis. Some fermentation products such as fatty acids longer than two carbon atoms, alcohols longer than one carbon atom, and branched-chain and aromatic fatty acids, cannot directly be used in methanogenesis. In acetogenesis process, these products are oxidized to acetate and H2 by obligated proton reducing bacteria in syntrophic relationship with methanogenic archaea as low H2 partial pressure is essential for acetogenic reactions to be thermodynamically favorable (ΔG < 0) (Schink, 1997; Stams et al., 2005).
Syntrophic interactions are very important in all living communities, and are important to the Dynamic Energy Budget theory.
See also
- Dynamic Energy Budget
- Symbiosis
References
- ^ Wang, Lawrence; Ivanov, Volodymyr; Tay, Joo-Hwa; Hung, Yung-Tse (5 April 2010). Environmental Biotechnology Volume 10. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-58829-166-0. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ Microbiology, by Prescott, Harley & Klein 6th edition
- ^ Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, by Eleanor Lawrence, 14th edition
English Journal
- Electrochemical and microbial monitoring of multi-generational electroactive biofilms formed from mangrove sediment.
- Rivalland C1, Madhkour S1, Salvin P1, Robert F2.
- Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Bioelectrochemistry.2015 Dec;106(Pt A):125-32. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.05.011. Epub 2015 May 22.
- Electroactive biofilms were formed from French Guiana mangrove sediments for the analysis of bacterial communities' composition. The electrochemical monitoring of three biofilm generations revealed that the bacterial selection occurring at the anode, supposedly leading microbial electrochemical syst
- PMID 26055041
- Microbial community dynamics in batch high-solid anaerobic digestion of food waste under mesophilic conditions.
- Yi J1, Dong B, Xue Y, Li N, Gao P, Zhao Y, Dai L, Dai X.
- Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.J Microbiol Biotechnol.2014 Feb 28;24(2):270-9.
- Microbial community shifts, associated with performance data, were investigated in an anaerobic batch digester treating high-solid food waste under mesophilic conditions using, a combination of molecular techniques and chemical analysis methods. The batch process was successfully operated with an or
- PMID 24150490
- Construction of bacteria-eukaryote synthetic mutualism.
- Kubo I1, Hosoda K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto K, Kihara K, Mori K, Yomo T.
- Bio Systems.Biosystems.2013 Aug;113(2):66-71. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.05.006. Epub 2013 May 24.
- Mutualism is ubiquitous in nature but is known to be intrinsically vulnerable with regard to both population dynamics and evolution. Synthetic ecology has indicated that it is feasible for organisms to establish novel mutualism merely through encountering each other by showing that it is feasible to
- PMID 23711432
Japanese Journal
- Yet-to-be Cultured Microorganisms Relevant to Methane Fermentation Processes
- Sekiguchi Yuji
- Microbes and environments 21(1), 1-15, 2006-03
- Anaerobic wastewater treatment sludge represents part of the natural microbial population found in various anaerobic ecosystems. The sludge drives the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater, …
- NAID 110004448268
- Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5の生産する葉酸様活性物質(Factor-F)について
- 佐橋 佳郎 [他],北原 覚雄
- 日本農芸化学会誌 45(9), 412-416, 1971
- … The syntrophism has been demonstrated between L. …
- NAID 130001222674
- Studies on the Syntrophism of Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5 and Streptococcus faecalis R Part II:Formation of Factor-P by Sc. faecalis R and Some Properties of the Factor
- 佐橋 佳郎,北原 覚雄
- 日本農芸化学会誌 45(8), 360-367, 1971
- In the syntrophic culture of L. arabinosus 17-5 (ATCC 8014) and Sc. faecalis R (ATCC 8043), it has been observed that these bacteria produced factors active for each other. A factor showing an activit …
- NAID 130001222665
Related Links
- Syntrophy, Cross-feeding, or Cross feeding [Greek syn meaning together, trophe meaning nourishment] is the phenomenon that one species lives off the products of another species. In this association the growth of one partner is improved or ...
- syn·tro·phism (s n-tr f z m) also syn·tro·phy (s n tr -f ). n. A biological relationship in which microorganisms of two different species or strains are mutually dependent on one another for nutritional requirements.
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