suprasegmental

　

WordNet

1. pertaining to a feature of speech that extends over more than a single speech sound

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/04 18:58:36」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In linguistics, a segment is "any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech". The term is most used in phonetics and phonology to refer to phones and phonemes, but can be applied for any minimum unit of a linear sequence meaningful to the given field of analysis, such as a mora or a syllable, a morpheme in morphology, or a chereme in sign language analysis.

Segments are called "discrete" because they are separate and individual, such as consonants and vowels, and occur in a distinct temporal order. Other contrastive elements of speech, such as prosody (tone, stress), and sometimes secondary articulations such as nasalization, may coexist with multiple segments and cannot be discretely ordered with them. These elements are termed suprasegmental.

Kinds of segment

In phonetics, the smallest perceptible segment is a phone. In phonology, there is a subfield of segmental phonology that deals with the analysis of speech into phonemes (or segmental phonemes), which correspond fairly well to phonetic segments of the analysed speech.

The segments of sign language, called cheremes, are visual movements of hands, face, and body. They occur in a distinct spatial and temporal order. The SignWriting script represents the spatial order of the segments with a spatial cluster of graphemes. Other notations for sign language use a temporal order that implies a spatial order.

Marginal segments

When analyzing the inventory of segmental units in any given language, some segments will be found to be marginal, in the sense that they are only found in onomatopoeic words, interjections, loan words, or a very limited number of ordinary words, but not throughout the language. Marginal segments, especially in loan words, are often the source of new segments in the general inventory of a language. This appears to have been the case with English /ʒ/, which originally only occurred in French loans.

Suprasegmentals

Some contrastive elements of speech cannot be easily analyzed as distinct segments but rather belong to a syllable or word. These elements are called suprasegmental, and include intonation and stress. In some languages nasality and vowel harmony are considered suprasegmental or prosodic by some phonologists.

References

Bibliography

• Crystal, David (2003), A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics, Blackwell .
• Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike (2005) [1998], Understanding Phonology (2nd ed.), Hodder & Arnold .
• Bussmann, Hadumod (2006), Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-63038-7 

See also

• Emic unit

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. Sleep-related movement disorders in childhood
• 2. 成人における多発性硬化症の臨床的特徴 clinical features of multiple sclerosis in adults
• 3. ミオクローヌスの治療 treatment of myoclonus
• 4. ミオクローヌスの分類および評価 classification and evaluation of myoclonus

English Journal

• Metrical Expectations From Preceding Prosody Influence Perception of Lexical Stress.

• Brown M, Salverda AP, Dilley LC, Tanenhaus MK.
• Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform.2015 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
• Two visual-world experiments tested the hypothesis that expectations based on preceding prosody influence the perception of suprasegmental cues to lexical stress. The results demonstrate that listeners' consideration of competing alternatives with different stress patterns (e.g., 'jury/gi'raffe) can
• PMID 25621583

• Effects of nasal port area on perception of nasality and measures of nasalance based on computational modeling.

• Bunton K.
• The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.Cleft Palate Craniofac J.2015 Jan;52(1):110-4. doi: 10.1597/13-126.
• OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relation between nasal port area, nasalance, and perceptual ratings of nasality for three English corner vowels, /i/, /u/, and /a/.DESIGN: Samples were simulated using a computational model that allowed for exact control of nasal port size and direct measures of na
• PMID 24437587

• Suprasegmental information affects processing of talking faces at birth.

• Guellai B1, Mersad K2, Streri A3.
• Infant behavior & development.Infant Behav Dev.2014 Dec 19;38C:11-19. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.11.003. [Epub ahead of print]
• From birth, newborns show a preference for faces talking a native language compared to silent faces. The present study addresses two questions that remained unanswered by previous research: (a) Does the familiarity with the language play a role in this process and (b) Are all the linguistic and para
• PMID 25531944

Japanese Journal

• 中国人日本語学習者は語彙認知において逐次的に韻律情報を用いるか? : 視線計測による検証

• 音声研究 19(3), 1-12, 2015-12-30
• NAID 110010039354

• Intelligibility of Japanese College Freshmen as Listened to by Native and Nonnative Listeners

• JACET JOURNAL (58), 39-56, 2014-03-31
• NAID 110009807052

• Suprasegmental Nativization of English Loanwords into Fijian

• 音韻研究 (17), 19-26, 2014
• NAID 40020064318

Related Links

• Segment (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Some phonemes cannot be easily analyzed as distinct segments, but rather belong to a syllable or even word. Such "suprasegmentals" include tone, stress, and prosody. In some languages, nasality or vowel harmony is suprasegmental.

• What is a suprasegmental?

5 Jan 2004 ... A suprasegmental is a vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an utterance, such as pitch, stress, or juncture pattern.

Related Pictures