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1. 原因不明の不妊症 unexplained infertility
2. クエン酸クロミフェンによる排卵誘発 ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate
3. 高次多胎妊娠率のコントロール戦略 strategies to control the rate of high order multiple gestation
4. 体外受精（IFV） in vitro fertilization
5. 処置済み精液を用いた子宮内授精（IUI）のための手順 procedure for intrauterine insemination iui using processed sperm

English Journal

Historical perspectives and recent research on superovulation in cattle.

Bó GA, Mapletoft RJ.Author information Instituto de Reproducción Animal Córdoba (IRAC), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina. Electronic address: gabrielbo@iracbiogen.com.ar.AbstractSuperovulation protocols have evolved greatly over the past 40 to 50 years. The development of commercial pituitary extracts and prostaglandins in the 1970s, and partially purified pituitary extracts and progesterone-releasing devices in the 1980s and 1990s have provided for the development of many of the protocols that we use today. Furthermore, the knowledge of follicular wave dynamics through the use of real-time ultrasonography and the development of the means by which follicular wave emergence can be controlled have provided new practical approaches. Although some embryo transfer practitioners still initiate superstimulatory treatments during mid-cycle in donor cows, the elective control of follicular wave emergence and ovulation has had a great effect on the application of on-farm embryo transfer, especially when large groups of donors need to be superstimulated at the same time. The most common treatment for the synchronization of follicular wave emergence for many years has been estradiol and progestins. In countries where estradiol cannot be used, practitioners have turned to alternative treatments for the synchronization of follicle wave emergence, such as mechanical follicle ablation or the administration of GnRH to induce ovulation. An approach that has shown promise is to initiate FSH treatments at the time of the emergence of the new follicular wave after GnRH-induced ovulation of an induced persistent follicle. Alternatively, it has been suggested recently that it might be possible to ignore follicular wave status, and by extending the treatment protocol, induce small antral follicles to grow and superovulate. Recently, the mixing of FSH with sustained release polymers or the development of long-acting recombinant FSH products have permitted superstimulation with a single or alternatively, two gonadotropin treatments 48 hours apart, reducing the need for animal handling during superstimulation. Although the number of transferable embryos per donor cow superstimulated has not increased, the protocols that are used today have increased the numbers of transferable embryos recovered per unit time and have facilitated the application of on-farm embryo transfer programs. They are practical, easy to administer by farm personnel, and more importantly, they eliminate the need for detecting estrus.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2014 Jan 1;81(1):38-48. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.020.
Superovulation protocols have evolved greatly over the past 40 to 50 years. The development of commercial pituitary extracts and prostaglandins in the 1970s, and partially purified pituitary extracts and progesterone-releasing devices in the 1980s and 1990s have provided for the development of many
PMID 24274408

Assisted reproduction techniques in the horse.

Hinrichs K.Author information Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA. khinrichs@cvm.tamu.eduAbstractThis paper reviews current equine assisted reproduction techniques. Embryo transfer is the most common equine ART, but is still limited by the inability to superovulate mares effectively. Immature oocytes may be recovered by transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of immature follicles, or from ovaries postmortem, and can be effectively matured in vitro. Notably, the in vivo-matured oocyte may be easily recovered from the stimulated preovulatory follicle. Standard IVF is still not repeatable in the horse; however, embryos and foals can be produced by surgical transfer of mature oocytes to the oviducts of inseminated recipient mares or via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Currently, ICSI and in vitro embryo culture are routinely performed by only a few laboratories, but reported blastocyst development rates approach those found after bovine IVF (i.e. 25%-35%). Nuclear transfer can be relatively efficient (up to 26% live foal rate per transferred embryo), but few laboratories are working in this area. Equine blastocysts may be biopsied via micromanipulation, with normal pregnancy rates after biopsy, and accurate genetic analysis. Equine expanded blastocysts may be vitrified after collapsing them via micromanipulation, with normal pregnancy rates after warming and transfer. Many of these recently developed techniques are now in clinical use.
Reproduction, fertility, and development.Reprod Fertil Dev.2012;25(1):80-93. doi: 10.1071/RD12263.
This paper reviews current equine assisted reproduction techniques. Embryo transfer is the most common equine ART, but is still limited by the inability to superovulate mares effectively. Immature oocytes may be recovered by transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of immature follicles, or from ov
PMID 23244831

The evolution of improved and simplified superovulation protocols in cattle.

Mapletoft RJ, Bó GA.Author information Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. reuben.mapletoft@usask.caAbstractSuperovulation protocols have improved greatly since the early days of bovine embryo transfer when purified gonadotrophins were not available, follicular wave dynamics were unknown physiological phenomena and prostaglandins were not available. Although superstimulatory protocols in cattle are normally initiated mid-cycle, elective control of follicular wave emergence and ovulation have had a great impact on the application of on-farm embryo transfer. However, the most common treatment for the synchronisation of follicular wave emergence involves the use of oestradiol, which cannot be used in many parts of the world. Therefore, the need for alternative treatments has driven recent research. An approach that has shown promise is to initiate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) treatments at the time of the emergence of the new follicular wave following ovulation induced by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. Alternatively, it has been shown that it may be possible to ignore follicular wave status and, by extending the treatment protocol, induce subordinate follicles to superovulate. Finally, the short half-life of pituitary FSH necessitates twice-daily treatments, which are time-consuming, stressful and subject to error. Recent treatment protocols have permitted superstimulation with a single FSH treatment or two treatments 48h apart, reducing the need for animal handling during gonadotrophin treatments.
Reproduction, fertility, and development.Reprod Fertil Dev.2011;24(1):278-83. doi: 10.1071/RD11919.
Superovulation protocols have improved greatly since the early days of bovine embryo transfer when purified gonadotrophins were not available, follicular wave dynamics were unknown physiological phenomena and prostaglandins were not available. Although superstimulatory protocols in cattle are normal
PMID 22394970

Japanese Journal

WMN/Nrsラットにおける過排卵反応性,自発的卵子活性化及び初期胚発生能についての検討

鬼頭靖司,矢野浩子,太田有紀 [他],TSUKAMOTO Satoshi
Experimental animals 59(1), 35-45, 2010-01-01
… Animals 3-7 weeks of age did not superovulate. …
NAID 10027852547

Efficient Induction of Superovulation in Adult Rats by PMSG and hCG

Mukumoto Sueo,Mori Keiko,Ishikawa Hisaaki
Experimental animals 44(2), 111-118, 1995-04
… Adult Wistar-Imamichi rats were induced to superovulate by an i.p. …
NAID 10007527449

Changes in peripheral levels of immunoreactive inhibin, estradiol-17β, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone associated with follicular development in cows induced to superovulate with eqine chorionic gonadotropin