WordNet

immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies (同)vaccinum

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牛痘種,痘苗(牛痘を起こすビールスで,天然痘予防のために人体に接種される) / (伝染病の病原菌から作った)ワクチン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/08 07:44:19」(JST)

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Rendering of HLA-A11 showing the α (A*1101 gene product) and β (Beta-2 microglobin) subunits. This receptor has a bound peptide (in the binding pocket) of heterologous origin that also contributes to function.

In structural biology, a protein subunit is a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. Some naturally occurring proteins have a relatively small number of subunits and therefore described as oligomeric, for example hemoglobin or DNA polymerase. Others may consist from a very large number of subunits and therefore described as multimeric, for example microtubules and other cytoskeleton proteins. The subunits of a multimeric protein may be identical, homologous or totally dissimilar and dedicated to disparate tasks.

In some protein assemblies, one subunit may be a "catalytic subunit" that enzymatically catalyzes a reaction, whereas a "regulatory subunit" will facilitate or inhibit the activity. Although telomerase has telomerase reverse transcriptase as a catalytic subunit, regulation is accomplished by factors outside of the protein.^[1] An enzyme composed of both regulatory and catalytic subunits when assembled is often referred to as a holoenzyme. For example, class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase is composed of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit.^[2] One subunit is made of one polypeptide chain. A polypeptide chain has one gene coding for it – meaning that a protein must have one gene for each unique subunit.

A subunit is often named with a Greek or Roman letter, and the numbers of this type of subunit in a protein is indicated by a subscript. For example, ATP synthase has a type of subunit called α. Three of these are present in the ATP synthase molecule, and is therefore designated α₃. Larger groups of subunits can also the specified, like α₃β₃-hexamer and c-ring.

Subunit Vaccines

A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise. One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus and administering this by itself. A weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins can be denatured and will then become associated with antibodies different from the desired antibodies. A second method of making a subunit vaccine involves putting an antigen's gene from the targeted virus or bacterium into another virus (virus vector), yeast (yeast vector) in the case of the hepatitis B vaccine^[3] or attenuated bacterium (bacterial vector) to make a recombinant virus or bacteria to serve as the important component of a recombinant vaccine (called a recombinant subunit vaccine). The recombinant vector that is genomically modified will express the antigen. The antigen (one or more subunits of protein) is extracted from the vector.^[4] Just like the highly successful subunit vaccines, the recombinant-vector-produced antigen will be of little to no risk to the patient. This is the type of vaccine currently in use for hepatitis B,^[5] and it is experimentally popular, being used to try to develop new vaccines for difficult-to-vaccinate-against viruses such as ebolavirus and HIV.^[6]

Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViCPS) is another subunit vaccine (contains the signature polysaccharide linked to the Vi capsular antigen), in this case, against typhoid caused by the Typhi serotype of Salmonella.^[7] It is also called a conjugate vaccine, in which a polysaccharide antigen has been covalently attached to a carrier protein for T-cell-dependent antigen processing (utilizing MHC II).^[8]

References

^ Daniel M, Peek GW, Tollefsbol TO (2012). "Regulation of the human catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT)". Gene. 498 (2): 135–46. PMC 3312932 . PMID 22381618. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.095.
^ Carpenter CL, Duckworth BC, Auger KR, Cohen B, Schaffhausen BS, Cantley LC (November 1990). "Purification and characterization of phosphoinositide 3-kinase from rat liver". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (32): 19704–11. PMID 2174051.
^ "Recombivax". Retrieved May 5, 2013.
^ "Recombivax". Retrieved May 5, 2013.
^ "Recombivax". Retrieved May 5, 2013.
^ Department of Veterinary Science & Microbiology at The University of Arizona Vaccines by Janet M. Decker, PhD
^ Manuela Raffatellu, Daniela Chessa, R. Paul Wilson, Richard Dusold, Salvatore Rubino, Andreas J. Bäumler (June 2005). "The Vi Capsular Antigen of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Reduces Toll-Like Receptor-Dependent Interleukin-8 Expression in the Intestinal Mucosa". Infect. Immun. 73 (6). pp. 3367–74. doi:10.1128/IAI.73.6.3367-3374.2005.
^ Brenda A. Wilson, Abigail A. Salyers, Dixie D. Whitt, Malcolm E. Winkler. Bacterial Pathogenesis, A Molecular Approach, Third Edition. ASM Press, American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036-2904, copyrightyear=2011.

Dilip Gore; Reecha Pandit (2011). "In silico Identification of Cell Surface Antigens in Neisseria meningitidis". Biomirror. 2: 1–5.

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1. 旅行者のための予防接種 immunizations for travel
2. 健康成人における予防接種に対するアプローチ approach to immunizations in healthy adults
3. Hepatitis B virus immunization in infants, children, and adolescents
4. 鳥インフルエンザワクチン avian influenza vaccines
5. 小児に対するロタウイルスワクチン rotavirus vaccines for infants

English Journal

Contribution of Helicobacter hepaticus Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunits to Human Epithelial Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Death in vitro.

Liyanage NP, Dassanayake RP, Kuszynski CA, Duhamel GE.SourceSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-5065, USA.
Helicobacter.Helicobacter.2013 Dec;18(6):433-43. doi: 10.1111/hel.12084. Epub 2013 Jul 29.
BACKGROUND: Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is the only known virulence factor found in H. hepaticus, the cause of chronic typhlocolitis and hepatitis leading to colonic and hepatocellular carcinomas in mice. Interaction of the tripartite polypeptide CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC subunits produced by H.
PMID 23895367

Epitope mapping and characterization of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human adenovirus type 3.

Tian X, Li C, Xue C, Li X, Zhou Z, Zhou R.SourceState Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China. Electronic address: Tianxingui7902@aliyun.com.
Virus research.Virus Res.2013 Nov 6;177(2):189-93. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.013. Epub 2013 Sep 7.
Human adenovirus serotype 3 (HAdV-3) has occurred as a global epidemic in recent years causing serious diseases such as pneumonia in pediatric and adult patients. Development of reliable diagnostic reagents and identification of neutralizing epitopes is important for the surveillance and control of
PMID 24018287

Japanese Journal

Effect of temperature post viral vector inoculation on the amount of hemagglutinin transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves

Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 124(3), 346-350, 2017-09
NAID 40021323729

結核の状況とワクチン開発の現状

バムサジャーナル = The journal of biomedical science and biosafety 29(2), 66-74, 2017
NAID 40021248652

Towards a preventive strategy for neosporosis: challenges and future perspectives for vaccine development against infection with <i>Neospora caninum</i>