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a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethra is on the upper surface of the penis

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1. 膀胱外反症を有する幼児の臨床症状および初期マネージメント clinical manifestations and initial management of infants with bladder exstrophy
2. 膀胱外反症を有する小児の外科的マネージメントおよび術後経過 surgical management and postoperative outcome of children with bladder exstrophy
3. 小児における身体的診察：会陰 the pediatric physical examination the perineum
4. 原発性線毛機能不全（線毛不動症候群） primary ciliary dyskinesia immotile cilia syndrome
5. 新生児の評価 assessment of the newborn infant

Single-stage subsymphyseal cystoscopic-guided bladder neck plication and urethrogenitoplasty in female epispadias: presentation of long-term follow-up.

Kajbafzadeh AM1, Talab SS, Elmi A, Tourchi A.
BJU international.BJU Int.2011 Oct;108(7):1200-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10022.x. Epub 2011 Jan 11.
OBJECTIVE: • To investigate the feasibility of an endoscopic technique as a guide to evaluate bladder outlet resistance during bladder neck plication (BNP) for treatment of female epispadias.PATIENTS AND METHODS: • The postoperative outcomes with long-term follow-up of 10 girls with epispadias w
PMID 21223473

Female epispadias management: perineal urethrocervicoplasty versus classical Young-Dees procedure.

Cheikhelard A1, Aigrain Y, Lottmann H, Lortat-Jacob S.
The Journal of urology.J Urol.2009 Oct;182(4 Suppl):1807-11. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.087. Epub 2009 Aug 18.
PURPOSE: We compared the functional results of 1-stage perineal urethrocervicoplasty and vulvoplasty vs the classic Young-Dees procedure for incontinent female epispadias.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 14 female patients with incontinent epispadias between 1997 and 2007, of whom 7 each underwent
PMID 19692018

Saltzman B, Mininberg DT, Muecke EC.
Urology.Urology.1985 Sep;26(3):256-64.
Forty-seven patients with epispadias not associated with bladder exstrophy were treated at our institution over the last half decade. There were 8 female and 39 male patients, 37 of whom had retrosymphyseal epispadias. Of the 20 male patients with subsymphyseal epispadias and incontinence 13 had a f
PMID 4035842