subcutaneous mycosis

深部皮膚真菌症。皮下真菌症

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1. 皮下の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/07 20:47:38」(JST)

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"Mycoses" redirects here. For the journal, see Mycoses (journal).

Mycosis
Micrograph showing a mycosis (aspergillosis). The Aspergillus (which is spaghetti-like) is seen in the center and surrounded by inflammatory cells and necrotic debris. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	B35-B49
ICD-9	110-118.99
DiseasesDB	28821
MeSH	D009181

Mycosis (plural: mycoses) is a fungal infection of animals, including humans. Mycoses are common and a variety of environmental and physiological conditions can contribute to the development of fungal diseases. Inhalation of fungal spores or localized colonization of the skin may initiate persistent infections; therefore, mycoses often start in the lungs or on the skin.

Fungal infections of the skin was the 4th most common disease in 2010 affecting 984 million people.

Causes

People are at risk of fungal infections when they are taking strong antibiotics for a long period of time because antibiotics kill not only damaging bacteria, but healthy bacteria as well. This alters the balance of microorganisms in the mouth, vagina, intestines and other places in the body, and results in an overgrowth of fungus.

Individuals with weakened immune systems are also at risk of developing fungal infections. This is the case of people with HIV/AIDS, people under steroid treatments, and people taking chemotherapy. People with diabetes also tend to develop fungal infections. Very young and very old people, also, are groups at risk.

Classification

Mycoses are classified according to the tissue levels initially colonized.

Superficial mycoses

Superficial mycoses are limited to the outermost layers of the skin and hair.

An example of such a fungal infection is Tinea versicolor, a fungus infection that commonly affects the skin of young people, especially the chest, back, and upper arms and legs. Tinea versicolor is caused by a fungus that lives in the skin of some adults. It does not usually affect the face. This fungus produces spots that are either lighter than the skin or a reddish-brown. This fungus exists in two forms, one of them causing visible spots. Factors that can cause the fungus to become more visible include high humidity, as well as immune or hormone abnormalities. However, almost all people with this very common condition are healthy.

Cutaneous mycoses

Cutaneous mycoses extend deeper into the epidermis, and also include invasive hair and nail diseases. These diseases are restricted to the keratinized layers of the skin, hair, and nails. Unlike the superficial mycoses, host immune responses may be evoked resulting in pathologic changes expressed in the deeper layers of the skin. The organisms that cause these diseases are called dermatophytes. The resulting diseases are often called ringworm (even though there is no worm involved) or tinea. Cutaneous mycoses are caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton fungi, which together comprise 41 species.

One common disease is the athlete's foot which most commonly affects children before puberty. It is divided in three categories: chronic interdigital athlete's foot, chronic scaly athlete's foot, and acute vesicular athlete's foot.

Subcutaneous mycoses

Subcutaneous mycoses involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscle and fascia. These infections are chronic and can be initiated by piercing trauma to the skin which allows the fungi to enter. These infections are difficult to treat and may require surgical interventions such as debridement.

Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens

Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens originate primarily in the lungs and may spread to many organ systems. Organisms that cause systemic mycoses are inherently virulent. In general primary pathogens that cause systemic mycoses are dimorphic.

Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens

Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens are infections of patients with immune deficiencies who would otherwise not be infected. Examples of immunocompromised conditions include AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer. Examples of opportunistic mycoses include Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis and Aspergillosis.

Prevention

Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use.

Treatment

Antifungal drugs are used to treat mycoses. Depending on the nature of the infection, a topical or systemic agent may be used.

Example of antifungals include: fluconazole which is the basis of many over-the-counter antifungal treatments. Another example is amphotericin B which is more potent and used in the treatment of the most severe fungal infections that show resistance to other forms of treatment and it is administered intravenously.

Drugs to treat skin infections are ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine among others.

Yeast infections in the vagina, caused by Candida albicans, can be treated with medicated suppositories such as tioconazole and pessaries whereas skin yeast infections are treated with medicated ointments.

Epidemiology

Fungal infections of the skin were the 4th most common disease in 2010 affecting 984 million people.

See also

• Pathogenic fungi
• Fungal infection in plants#Fungi
• Zygomycosis

References

External links

• Guide to Fungal Infections - Patient-oriented, educational website written by dermatologists.
• Doctor Fungus - An educational website sponsored through unrestricted educational grants by numerous pharmaceutical companies

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 皮下蜂窩織炎様T細胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of subcutaneous panniculitis like t cell lymphoma
• 2. 末梢性T細胞リンパ腫の初期治療 initial treatment of peripheral t cell lymphoma
• 3. 菌状息肉腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of mycosis fungoides
• 4. 再発性または難治性の末梢性T細胞リンパ腫の治療 treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral t cell lymphoma
• 5. 皮下投与および筋肉内投与による免疫グロブリン療法 subcutaneous and intramuscular immune globulin therapy

English Journal

• Sporothrix schenckii yeasts induce ERK pathway activation and secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in rat mast cells, but no degranulation.

• Romo-Lozano Y1, Hernández-Hernández F2, Salinas E1.
• Medical mycology.Med Mycol.2014 Nov 1;52(8):862-8. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myu055. Epub 2014 Sep 27.
• Sporothrix schenckii is a dimorphic fungus that causes sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis found throughout the world in humans and other mammals. After contact with conidia, transition to the yeast stage is required for establishment of infection. Mast cells are one of the first components of th
• PMID 25262023

• Chromoblastomycosis by Cladophialophora carrionii Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Review of Published Reports.

• Rojas OC1, González GM, Moreno-Treviño M, Salas-Alanis J.
• Mycopathologia.Mycopathologia.2014 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
• Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous, chronic, granulomatous mycosis that occurs more frequently in tropical and subtropical countries. We describe a case of a 63-year-old male patient with diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis by Cladophialophora carrionii with an 18-year evolution who developed a leth
• PMID 25344197

• J Cutaneous Pathology Cutaneous Gamma-delta (γδ) T-cell Lymphoma with Central Nervous System (CNS) Involvement: Report of a Rarity with Review of Literature.

• Harrington L1, Sokol L, Holdener S, Shao H, Zhang L.
• Journal of cutaneous pathology.J Cutan Pathol.2014 Oct 8. doi: 10.1111/cup.12395. [Epub ahead of print]
• Primary cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma is an extremely rare and aggressive variant of cutaneous lymphoma. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, a rare finding, and hemophagocytic syndrome are two complications that are commonly fatal. We describe a 58-year-old patient presenting with skin plaque
• PMID 25292289

Japanese Journal

• Cutaneous lymphoma in Japan: A nationwide study of 1733 patients

• Hamada Toshihisa,Iwatsuki Keiji
• The Journal of Dermatology 41(1), 3-10, 2014-01
• … Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common CL subtype in the present study (750 patients, 43.3%). … A male predominance was observed in most types of CL, except for several CL subtypes such as subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. …
• NAID 120005473081

• A Case of Paecilomyces lilacinus Infection Occurring in Necrotizing Fasciitis-associated Skin Ulcers on the Face and Surrounding a Tracheotomy Stoma

• Nagamoto Eiko,Fujisawa Akihiko,Yoshino Yuichiro [他]
• Medical mycology journal 55(1), E21-27, 2014
• NAID 40019971825

• 落葉状天疱瘡に対する免疫抑制療法中に生じたScedosporium apiospermumによる深在性皮膚真菌症の1例

• 竹内 明子,濱口 儒人,藤本 学,竹原 和彦,安澤 数史,望月 隆
• 日本皮膚科学会雑誌 124(6), 1135-1140, 2014
• 56歳，女．約10年間，落葉状天疱瘡に対してステロイドおよびカルシニューリン阻害薬を中心とした免疫抑制療法により加療されてきた．外出時に転倒し右膝蓋に裂傷を受傷した2カ月後，同部位に発赤と硬結が出現した．硬結は徐々に増大し，膿瘍や瘻孔を形成するようになった．皮膚生検を施行したところ，線維性被膜に覆われた膿瘍形成があり，Grocott染色で菌糸を認め，組織培養でScedosporium apiosp …
• NAID 130004588295

Related Links

• Subcutaneous mycosis - definition of Subcutaneous mycosis ...

mycosis /my·co·sis/ (mi-ko´sis) any disease caused by fungi. mycosis fungoi´des a chronic, malignant, lymphoreticular neoplasm of the skin and, in late ... 3), leprosy, subcutaneous mycosis as mycetoma or sporotrichosis, as well ...

• Subcutaneous mycosis - definition of Subcutaneous mycosis ...

my·co·sis (mī-kō′sĭs) n. pl. my·co·ses (-sēz) 1. A fungal infection in or on a part of the body. 2. A disease caused by a fungus. mycosis (maɪˈkəʊsɪs) ... 3), leprosy, subcutaneous mycosis as mycetoma or sporotrichosis, as well as ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「深部皮膚真菌症」
関連記事	「subcutaneous」「mycosis」

「深部皮膚真菌症」

　　[★]

英

deep dermatomycosis, deep cutaneous mycoses

同

皮下真菌症 subcutaneous mycosis

関

真菌症、表在性真菌症、深在性真菌症

「subcutaneous」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 皮下の

関

subcutaneous injection s.c. injection

　

「mycosis」

　　[★]

日

関

関

Antifungal agent(s); Fungal infection(s)