関: substr

mixed str_replace ( mixed $search , mixed $replace , mixed $subject [, int &$count ] )

array_push( $export_array , str_replace( "兆候" , "徴候" , $ori_title ) );

文字列の置き換え（str_replace）

$str = 'ABCDEFGH';
$str2 = str_replace("CD", "cd", $str);

str_replaceの第一引数は置換対象の文字列、第二引数は置換後の文字列、第三引数は元の文字列です。結果は、$str2が'ABcdDEFH'となります。

WordNet

string together; tie or fasten with a string; "string the package"
add as if on a string; "string these ideas together"; "string up these songs and youll have a musical" (同)string up
a tough piece of fiber in vegetables, meat, or other food (especially the tough fibers connecting the two halves of a bean pod)
a lightweight cord (同)twine
a collection of objects threaded on a single strand
a tightly stretched cord of wire or gut, which makes sound when plucked, struck, or bowed
(cosmology) a hypothetical one-dimensional subatomic particle having a concentration of energy and the dynamic properties of a flexible loop (同)cosmic string
a sequentially ordered set of things or events or ideas in which each successive member is related to the preceding; "a string of islands"; "train of mourners"; "a train of thought" (同)train
a linear sequence of symbols (characters or words or phrases)
move or come along (同)string along
thread on or as if on a string; "string pearls on a string"; "the child drew glass beads on a string"; "thread dried cranberries" (同)thread, draw
provide with strings; "string my guitar"
remove the stringy parts of; "string beans"
stretch out or arrange like a string
cause an emotional pain, as if by stinging; "His remark stung her"
a painful wound caused by the thrust of an insects stinger into skin (同)bite, insect_bite
a kind of pain; something as sudden and painful as being stung; "the sting of death"; "he felt the stinging of nettles" (同)stinging
deliver a sting to; "A bee stung my arm yesterday" (同)bite, prick
put something back where it belongs; "replace the book on the shelf after you have finished reading it"; "please put the clean dishes back in the cabinet when you have washed them" (同)put back
substitute a person or thing for (another that is broken or inefficient or lost or no longer working or yielding what is expected); "He replaced the old razor blade"; "We need to replace the secretary that left a month ago"; "the insurance will replace the lost income"; "This antique vase can never be replaced"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『ひも』,糸 / 〈C〉結びひも,リボン / 〈U〉(…の)『一つなぎ』,一連《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(人や物事の)『一続き,』一列,一連《+of+名》 / 《複数形で》《話》付帯条件,ひも / 〈C〉(ギター・バイオリン・ピアノなどの)『弦』 / 《the strings》《集合的に》(特にオーケストラの)弦楽器[奏者] / 〈C〉(能力別に分けられた運動競技者の)段階,組,級 / 〈C〉(植物の)繊維,筋 / 〈ビーズなど〉‘を'ひも(糸)に通す / 〈楽器・ラケット・弓など〉‘に'弦を付ける / 〈ひも・糸など〉‘を'張り渡す / …‘を'一列に並べる,一続きに配列する《+out+名,+名+out》 / 〈植物〉の繊維(筋)を取る
〈動植物が〉(針・とげなどで)…‘を'『刺す』 / 〈神・舌など〉‘を'『ひりひりさせる』,ちくちくさせる / 〈人〉‘の'『心を苦しめる』 / 〈人〉‘を'刺激して(…)させる,駆りたてて(…)させる《+『名』+『to』(『into』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 《俗》(…という大金を)〈人〉‘から'だまし取る,ぼる,《+『名』〈人〉+『for』+『名』》 / 〈ハチなどが〉『刺す』 / 〈体の一部が〉刺すように痛む / 〈香辛料などが〉ひりひりした味方がする / 苦しむ,いらいらする;〈つらい事などが〉心を苦しめる / 〈C〉『刺すこと』 / 〈C〉〈U〉『刺し傷』,刺された痛み / 〈C〉〈U〉(心・体の)激しい痛み / 〈C〉皮肉,あてこすり / 〈C〉(ハチなどの)針,(ヘビなどの)毒牙,(バラなどの)とげ
(…として)…‘に'『取って代わる』《+『名』+『as』+『名』》 / (…と)…‘を'取り替える《+『名』+『with』(『by』)+『名』》 / …‘を'元の所に置く,戻す

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 遺伝的変異の概要 overview of genetic variation
2. DNAによる親子鑑定 parentage testing using dna
3. 遺伝学用語集 glossary of genetic terms
4. 傍神経節腫：限局性疾患の治療 paragangliomas treatment of locoregional disease
5. 造血細胞移植後の造血の促進 hematopoietic support after hematopoietic cell transplantation

English Journal

The bacterial Entner-Doudoroff pathway does not replace glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the lack of activity of iron-sulfur cluster enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase.

Benisch F1, Boles E2.Author information 1Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.2Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Electronic address: e.boles@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.AbstractReplacement of the glycolytic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a bacterial Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP) would result in lower ATP production and therefore a lower biomass yield is expected that would further allow higher products yields in the fermentation of sugars. To establish catabolism of glucose via the EDP in S. cerevisiae requires expression of only two additional enzyme activities, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (PGDH) and KDPG aldolase. In this work, KDPG aldolase from Escherichia coli could be successfully expressed in the yeast cytosol with very high enzyme activity. Nevertheless, simultaneous expression of KDPG aldolase and a codon optimized PGDH gene of E. coli could not replace glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway in growth experiments. It could be shown that this was due to the very low enzyme activity of PGDH. This bacterial enzyme is a [4Fe-4S] iron-sulfur cluster protein. Several attempts to improve the availability of iron-sulfur clusters or iron in the yeast cells, to attract the iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery to Leu1-PGDH fusion proteins or to localize the PGDH in the mitochondria did not result in improved enzyme activities. From our results we conclude that establishing functional expression of iron-sulfur cluster enzymes will be a major task for the integration of the EDP and other biochemical pathways in yeast.
Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2013 Dec 11. pii: S0168-1656(13)00530-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.025. [Epub ahead of print]
Replacement of the glycolytic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a bacterial Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP) would result in lower ATP production and therefore a lower biomass yield is expected that would further allow higher products yields in the fermentation of sugars. To establish catabolism
PMID 24333129

Polymorphic core promoter GA-repeats alter gene expression of the early embryonic developmental genes.

Valipour E, Kowsari A, Bayat H, Banan M, Kazeminasab S, Mohammadparast S, Ohadi M.Author information Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.AbstractProtein complexes that bind to 'GAGA' DNA elements are necessary to replace nucleosomes to create a local chromatin environment that facilitates a variety of site-specific regulatory responses. Three to four elements are required for the disruption of a preassembled nucleosome. We have previously identified human protein-coding gene core promoters that are composed of exceptionally long GA-repeats. The functional implication of those GA-repeats is beginning to emerge in the core promoter of the human SOX5 gene, which is involved in multiple developmental processes. In the current study, we analyze the functional implication of GA-repeats in the core promoter of two additional genes, MECOM and GABRA3, whose expression is largely limited to embryogenesis. We report a significant difference in gene expression as a result of different alleles across those core promoters in the HEK-293 cell line. Across-species homology check for the GABRA3 GA-repeats revealed that those repeats are evolutionary conserved in mouse and primates (p<1 × 10(-8)). The MECOM core promoter GA-repeats are also conserved in numerous species, of which human has the longest repeat and complexity. We propose a novel role for GA-repeat core promoters to regulate gene expression in the genes involved in development and evolution.
Gene.Gene.2013 Dec 1;531(2):175-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.032. Epub 2013 Sep 19.
Protein complexes that bind to 'GAGA' DNA elements are necessary to replace nucleosomes to create a local chromatin environment that facilitates a variety of site-specific regulatory responses. Three to four elements are required for the disruption of a preassembled nucleosome. We have previously id
PMID 24055488

Photocoagulation in rabbits: optical coherence tomographic lesion classification, wound healing reaction, and retinal temperatures.

Koinzer S, Hesse C, Caliebe A, Saeger M, Baade A, Schlott K, Brinkmann R, Roider J.Author information Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, House 25, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.AbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The rabbit is the most common animal model to study retinal photocoagulation lesions. We present a classification of retinal lesions from rabbits, that is based on optical coherence tomographic (OCT) findings, temperature data, and OCT-follow-up data over 3 months.
Lasers in surgery and medicine.Lasers Surg Med.2013 Sep;45(7):427-36. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22163.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The rabbit is the most common animal model to study retinal photocoagulation lesions. We present a classification of retinal lesions from rabbits, that is based on optical coherence tomographic (OCT) findings, temperature data, and OCT-follow-up data over 3 months.MATERIALS
PMID 24037823

Transplantation of mouse CGR8 embryonic stem cells producing GDNF and TH protects against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity in the rat.

Liu TW, Ma ZG, Zhou Y, Xie JX.Author information Research Institute for Cerebrovascular Disease, Qingdao 266071, China.AbstractEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs)-based therapies have been increasingly recognized as a potential tool to replace or support cells and their function damaged by the neurodegenerative process that underlies Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we implanted engineered mouse embryonic stem (ES) CGR8 cells, which stably co-express glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), into striatum (Str) or both Str and substantia nigra (SN) of parkinsonian rats lesioned by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We found that cell transplantation into Str or both Str and SN rescued behavioral abnormalities and striatal DA depletion associated with 6-OHDA lesion. Our findings suggested that the profound functional impairment in nigrostriatal circuitry could be at least partially restored by ESCs-based expression of TH and GDNF, which may be developed into a useful tool for PD therapy.
The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.Int J Biochem Cell Biol.2013 Jul;45(7):1265-73. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.03.011. Epub 2013 Mar 25.
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-based therapies have been increasingly recognized as a potential tool to replace or support cells and their function damaged by the neurodegenerative process that underlies Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we implanted engineered mouse embryonic stem (ES) CGR8 cel
PMID 23535049